Never before in Napoleon’s career had he received two simultaneous shocks so violent. The whole of Spain and Portugal, from Lisbon to Saragossa, by a spasmodic effort freed itself from Bonaparte or Bourbon; but this was nothing,--a single campaign would recover the peninsula. The real blow was in the loss of Cadiz and Lisbon, of the fleets and work-shops that were to restore French power on the ocean. Most fatal stroke of all, the Spanish colonies were thenceforward beyond reach, and the dream of universal empire was already dissolved into ocean mist. Napoleon had found the limits of his range, and saw the power of England rise, more defiant than ever, over the ruin and desolation of Spain. FOOTNOTES: [234] Napoleon to General Clarke, Dec. 23, 1807; Correspondance, xvi. 212. [235] Napoleon to Champagny, Jan. 12, 1808; Correspondance, xvi. 243. [236] Napoleon to General Clarke, Jan. 28, 1808; Correspondance, xvi. 281, 282. [237] Napoleon to Champagny, Feb. 2, 1808; Correspondance, xvi. 301. [238] Armstrong to Madison, Feb. 15, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. [239] Armstrong to Champagny, Feb. 5, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. [240] Napoleon to Champagny, Feb. 11, 1808; Correspondance, xvi. 319. [241] Armstrong to Madison, Feb. 15, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. [242] Armstrong to Madison, Feb. 22, 1808; State Papers, iii. 250. [243] Decrès to Rosily, Feb. 21, 1808; Thiers’s Empire, viii. 669. [244] Napoleon to Talleyrand, Correspondance, xvii. 39, 49, 65. [245] Napoleon to Decrès, May 13, 1808; Correspondance, xvii. 112. [246] Napoleon to Gaudin, April 17, 1808; Correspondance, xvii. 16. [247] Armstrong to Madison, April 25, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. Cf. State Papers, iii. 291. [248] Madison to Armstrong, May 2, 1808; State Papers, iii. 252. [249] Jefferson to Madison, Sept. 13, 1808; Writings, v. 367. Cf. Jefferson to Armstrong, March 5, 1809; Works, v. 433. [250] Champagny to Turreau, Feb. 15, 1808; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS. [251] Turreau to Champagny, June 28, 1808; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS. [252] Napoleon, to Champagny, June 21, 1808; Correspondance, xvii. 326. [253] Champagny to Armstrong, June 22, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. [254] Armstrong to Madison, July 8, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. [255] Napoleon to Champagny, July 11, 1808; Correspondance, xvii. 364. [256] Armstrong to Jefferson, July 28, 1808; Jefferson MSS. [257] Armstrong to Champagny, July 4, 1808; State Papers, iii. 254. [258] Madison to Armstrong, July 21, 1808; State Papers, iii. 254. [259] Armstrong to Madison, Aug. 28, 1808; MSS. State Department Archives. [260] Armstrong to Madison, Aug. 30, 1808; State Papers, iii. 256. CHAPTER XIV.