Exaggerations of this kind may have stimulated the opposition which was represented by the Rev. Dr. William Urwick (1791‒1868) (the elder),¹ the Rev. Dr. Ebenezer Henderson² (1784‒1858), Professor Joseph Addison Alexander³ (1809‒1860), the Rev. Patrick Fairbairn⁴ (1805‒1874), Dr. Thomas Arnold⁵ (1795‒1842), Head Master of Rugby, and many representatives of the so-called Spiritual school, who were strongly opposed to these Judaizing tendencies. They endeavoured to transform the plain statements of the Bible into airy visions, and explained all the names (_Israel_, _Jerusalem_, _etc._) in a peculiar way. Thus it is to the “spiritual” Christian and not to the natural Jew that the name of Israel belongs, as it is the Roman and the Greek to whom alone the promises of Restoration to the Holy Land were made, and not the “seed of _Abraham_.” In fact, the Spiritualists are far from being consistent. They would, for instance, spiritualize the Israel which is blessed, and accept in a literal sense the Israel that is cursed. A departure from the literal meaning of words has always proved a source of error and confusion, as words are often taken literally when they agree with certain theories, allegorically when they do not――a process by which the Bible may be made to say something to please everybody. Spiritualistic interpreters, as a rule, go to the Bible to find support for their own views, rather than to be guided by the standard of the Word as to whether they be correct or not. Where they find what they want, the Bible is plain, where they do not, it is difficult; and they have to have recourse to the expedient of what is called “spiritualizing” the Word, a term imposing enough, but most inapplicable――carnalizing would be a far more suitable designation of the process. ¹ The Second Advent.... By William Urwick, D.D. Dublin:... MDCCCXXXIX. ² The Book of the Prophet Isaiah ... with a commentary, critical, philological, and exegetical:... By the Rev. E. Henderson, D.Ph.... London:... MDCCCXL. ³ The Earlier Prophecies of Isaiah. By Joseph Addison Alexander, Professor in the Theological Seminary, Princeton, New Jersey, New York & London:... 1846. The Later Prophecies of Isaiah. By Joseph Addison Alexander ... New York & London:... 1847. ⁴ The Typology of Scripture,... With an Appendix on the Restoration of the Jews. By Rev. Patrick Fairbairn, Salton. Edinburgh:... MDCCCXLV. ⁵ Two Sermons on the Interpretation of Prophecy,... By Thomas Arnold, D.D.... Oxford.... MDCCCXXXIX.