His _Rom und Jerusalem_ (1862) is one of the masterpieces of modern Zionist literature. Hess insists that despite all attempts on the part of the Jews the Jewish national instinct cannot be eradicated. The only solution of the Jewish question, according to him, was the colonization of Palestine; and he looked to France to make it possible. The historian Graetz was influenced by Hess’ book in the direction of Jewish nationalism. ² _Ibid._ 1ᵉʳ Mai, _pp._ 372‒377. ³ _Ibid._ 15 Juin, _pp._ 507‒510. ⁴ _Ibid._ 15 Mars, _pp._ 234‒235. “Une brochure publiée à Genève et la reconstitution de la nationalité juive.” ――Isidore Cahen. _Ibid._ 1ᵉʳ Avril, _pp._ 273‒274. “De quelques observations en réponse aux nôtres une brochure publiée à Genève”: M. Lévy-Bing, M. Pétavel.――Isidore Cahen. _Ibid._ 15 Mai, _p._ 416.――Isid. Cahen. ⁵ Israel Peuple de l’Avenir ... Par A.-F. Pétavel ... Paris ... 1861. La Fille de Sion ou le rétablissement de Israël ... Par Abram-François Pétavel ... Paris ... 1868. At the same time another French writer, Ernest Laharanne, private secretary to Napoleon III., although a Roman Catholic, wrote a pamphlet in favour of the reconstitution of the Jews as a nation.¹ He was inspired with the idea of “progress in human civilization and the rights of nations.” There is a certain amount of sentimentality in his pamphlet; but his enthusiasm, although too emotional and rhetorical, is very dignified. It remains to be said that all the French writers of that epoch dealt with the question in the abstract. Instead of giving definite indications of what was to be done, they were content to express empty hopes and formulate vague suggestions and appeals (Appendix lxiii). ¹ La Nouvelle Question d’Orient.... Reconstitution de la Nationalité Juive. Paris ... 1860 ... (8º. 47 _pp._ in printed wrapper) _p._ 46. Ernest Laharanne, _p._ 47. E. L. 9 Septembre 1860.