1. The East, in connection with the “Alliance Israélite Universelle” of Paris. 2. Relief for the Russian Jews. 3. Emigration from Russia. 4. Foundation of the Jewish Colonization Association, and 5. Various other philanthropic institutions. While engaged in working out his plans for the construction of his railway in Turkey, Hirsch had become acquainted with the deplorable condition of the Jews in the Orient, and had come to the conclusion that their sufferings were mainly due to the lack of modern education and of opportunities to earn a livelihood. He considered European education a great necessity in the East, and therefore admired the educational work of the “Alliance Israélite.” It struck him that too little was done in this direction. He consequently placed large sums at the disposal of the “Alliance,” of which he became a powerful supporter. In 1873 he gave the “Alliance” 1,000,000 francs to form new schools, and from 1880 till his death he undertook to make good the deficit of the organisation, which amounted annually to several hundred thousand francs. Finding that the ordinary schools were not sufficient for the purpose in view, he encouraged the “Alliance” to establish trade schools, the entire expense of which he bore from 1878 until his death. In 1899, in place of his annual grant, he gave the “Alliance” a capital sum, which yielded a yearly income of 400,000 francs; but, none the less, he continued to meet the deficit year by year. All this time, as indeed throughout his life, he was keenly interested in the Jews of the Orient. He procured in the seventies the services of an excellent Jew, _M._ Emanuel Felix Veneziani (1825‒1889), who made investigations for him, and became his almoner in the East, and afterwards also in other parts of the world. The year 1882, with its pogroms and the atrocious Jewish disabilities which it introduced, was a turning-point in Hirsch’s philanthropic activities as much as in the activities of all the Jewish organizations and of individual philanthropists. When 40‒50,000 pogrom refugees in a starving condition crowded into the already crowded Galician Ghettoes, adding their starvation and agonies to the misery already there, and the great Jewish organizations and communities sent their representatives to afford protection to the suffering (Mr. Samuel Montagu――afterwards Lord Swaythling――and Dr. Asher Asher (1837‒1889) came from London, also Mr. Laurence Oliphant), _M._ Veneziani appeared as representative of Baron _de_ Hirsch, and offered enormous sums――by which, however, only a small part of the appalling distress was met. Baron _de_ Hirsch also sent money to Russia for years.