The Society known as the “Palestine Exploration Fund” was first formally constituted in 1865. The object of the founders was the prosecution of systematic and scientific research in all branches of inquiry connected with the Holy Land, and the principal reason alleged for conducting this inquiry was the illustration of the Bible which might be expected to follow such an investigation. The Society numbered among its first supporters both Christians and Jews. The War Office granted the services of Royal Engineers for the execution of excavation work――Colonel Claude Reignier Conder (1848‒1910), Sir Charles William Wilson (1836‒1905), and Sir Charles Warren. Colonel Conder devoted his whole life to Palestinian research. Earl Kitchener (1850‒1916) surveyed _Galilee_ for the Society, and his work aroused general interest and led to important results (Appendix xxxix). Hitherto knowledge regarding the country had been very limited; reconnaissance sketch-maps of parts of the country had been made, but every successive traveller was able to point out deficiencies, errors and unexplored tracts. With trained skill, thoroughness and conscientious work the Society combined a love and enthusiasm for Palestine which made it possible to obtain the most admirable results. The progress from the theological character of the first “Palestine Association” to the scientific methods of the “Palestine Exploration Fund” typifies the evolution of the whole Palestinian idea from a traditional belief to a great human and historical aspiration――the same evolution which can be traced in the development of the Zionist idea. Illustration: _Gen. Sir_ CHARLES WARREN _Maj.-Gen._ _Elliott and Fry, Ltd._ _Sir_ CHARLES W. WILSON _Earl_ KITCHENER London Stereoscopic Co. _Dr._ EDWARD ROBINSON _Col._ CLAUDE R. CONDER CHAPTER XI. NAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGN IN THE EAST The Appeal of Bonaparte to the Jews of Asia and Africa――Haim Mu’allim Farhi――The Fortress of Acre――Jewish opinion in Palestine――El-Arish――_Gaza_――_Jerusalem_――Moses Mordecai Joseph Meyuchas――“A Letter addressed by a French Jew to his Brethren”――France and England――The real motives of Bonaparte’s Appeal.