Not to speak of differences of vocabulary, Mr. Monro and Mr. Leaf, with many scholars, detect two strata of earlier and later _grammar_ in Iliad and Odyssey. In the _Iliad_ four or five Books are infected by "the later grammar," while the Odyssey in general seems to be contaminated. Mr. Leafs words are: "When we regard the Epos in large masses, we see that we can roughly arrange the inconsistent elements towards one end or the other of a line of development both linguistic and historical. The main division, that of _Iliad_ and Odyssey, shows a distinct advance along this line; and the distinction is still more marked if we group with the _Odyssey_ four Books of the _Iliad_ whose Odyssean physiognomy is well marked. Taking as our main guide the dissection of the plot as shown in its episodes, we find that marks of lateness, though nowhere entirely absent, group themselves most numerously in the later additions ..." [Footnote: _Iliad_, vol. ii. p. X.] We are here concerned with _linguistic_ examples of "lateness." The "four Books whose Odyssean physiognomy" and language seem "well marked," are IX., X., XXIII., XXIV. Here Mr. Leaf, Mr. Monro, and many authorities are agreed. But to these four Odyssean Books of the _Iliad_ Mr. Leaf adds _Iliad_, XI. 664-772: "probably a later addition," says Mr. Monro. "It is notably Odyssean in character," says Mr. Leaf; and the author "is ignorant of the geography of the Western Peloponnesus. No doubt the author was an Asiatic Greek." [Footnote: _Iliad_, vol. i. pp. 465-466. Note on Book XI. 756.] The value of this discovery is elsewhere discussed (see _The Interpolations of Nestor_). The Odyssean notes in this passage of a hundred lines (_Iliad_, XI. 670-762) are the occurrence of "a purely Odyssean word" (677), an Attic form of an epic word, and a "forbidden trochaic caesura in the fourth foot"; an Odyssean word for carving meat, applied in a _non_-Odyssean sense (688), a verb for "insulting," not elsewhere found in the _Iliad_ (though the noun is in the _Iliad_) (695), an Odyssean epithet of the sun, "four times in the _Odyssey_" (735). It is also possible that there is an allusion to a four-horse chariot (699). These are the proofs of Odyssean lateness. The real difficulty about Odyssean words and grammar in the _Iliad_ is that, if they were in vigorous poetic existence down to the time of Pisistratus (as the Odysseanism of the Asiatic editor proves that they were), and if every rhapsodist could add to and alter the materials at the disposal of the Pisistratean editor at will, we are not told how the fashionable Odysseanisms were kept, on the whole, out of twenty Books of the Iliad.