In morals the term [Greek: dikaios] is more used in the _Odyssey_, also [Greek: atemistos] ("just" and "lawless"). But that is partly because the Odyssey has to contrast civilised ("just") with wild outlandish people--Cyclopes and Laestrygons, who are "lawless." The _Iliad_ has no occasion to touch on savages; but, as the [Greek: hybris] of the Wooers is a standing topic in the Odyssey (an ethical poem, says Aristotle), the word [Greek: hybris] is of frequent occurrence in the _Odyssey_, in just the same sense as it bears in _Iliad_, I 214--the insolence of Agamemnon. Yet when Achilles has occasion to speak of Agamemnon's insolence in _Iliad_, Book IX., he does not use the _word_ [Greek: hybris], though Book IX. is so very "late" and "Odyssean." It would be easy to go through the words for moral ideas in the _Odyssey_, and to show that they occur in the numerous moral situations which do not arise, or arise much less frequently, in the _Iliad_. There is not difference enough in the moral standard of the two poems to justify us in assuming that centuries of ethical progress had intervened between their dates of composition. If the _Iliad_, again, were really, like the _Odyssey_, a thing of growth through several centuries, which overlapped the centuries in which the _Odyssey_ grew, the moral ideas of the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ would necessarily be much the same, would be indistinguishable. But, as a matter of fact, it would be easy to show that the moral standard of the _Iliad_ is higher, in many places, than the moral standard of the _Odyssey_; and that, therefore, by the critical hypothesis, the _Iliad_ is the later poem of the twain. For example, the behaviour of Achilles is most obnoxious to the moralist in _Iliad_, Book IX., where he refuses gifts of conciliation. But by the critical hypothesis this is not the fault of the _Iliad_, for Book IX. is declared to be "late," and of the same date as late parts of the _Odyssey_. Achilles is not less open to moral reproach in his abominable cruelty and impiety, as shown in his sacrifice of prisoners of war and his treatment of dead Hector, in _Iliad_, XXIII., XXIV. But these Books also are said to be as late as the _Odyssey_. The solitary "realistic" or "naturalistic" passage in Homer, with which a lover of modern "problem novels" feels happy and at home, is the story of Phoenix, about his seduction of his father's mistress at the request of his mother. What a charming situation! But that occurs in an "Odyssean" Book of the _Iliad_, Book IX.; and thus Odyssean seems lower, not more advanced, than Iliadic taste in morals. To be sure, the poet disapproves of all these immoralities. In the Odyssey the hero, to the delight of Athene, lies often and freely and with glee. The Achilles of the _Iliad_ hates a liar "like the gates of Hades"; but he says so in an "Odyssean" Book (Book IX.), so there were obviously different standards in Odyssean ethics.