Homer's Odyssey: A CommentarySnider, Denton Jaques
Philosophy
Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary
Snider, Denton Jaques
Epic poetry, Greek -- History and criticism; Homer. Odyssey; Odysseus, King of Ithaca (Mythological character) -- In literature
III. Here, then, we behold a new phase of Circe, that of the seeress
into the Beyond. Ulysses says to her at the end of the year: "Now make
your promise good, send us home, for which we long." Stunning is the
answer after that period of relaxation: "Ye must go another way, ye
must pass into the Houses of Hades." It is indeed a terrible response.
But for what purpose? "To consult the soul of the blind Theban seer
Tiresias, whose mind is still unimpaired; to him alone of the dead
Proserpine gave a mind to know." Clearly this means the pure
intelligence without body; Ulysses must now reach forth to the
incorporeal spirit, to the very Idea beyond the senses, beyond life.
The first question which arises in this connection is, How can Circe,
the enchantress of the senses, be made the prophetess of the
supersensible world? If we watch her development through the two
preceding stages, we shall see that she not only can, but must point to
what is beyond, to spirit. In the second stage she experiences a great
change, no longer transforming into the lower, but herself transformed
into the higher; she becomes a moral being, subordinating the sensuous
to the spiritual; she has, therefore, spirit in her life and manifests
it in her actions, when she is the willing means of subjecting appetite
to reason.
The same transformation we may note on her artistic side, for she
remains always beautiful. The first Circe is that alluring seductive
beauty which destroys by catering to the senses; she is that kind of
art, which debauches through its appeal to appetite and passion alone.
But the second Circe is transfigured, her service is of the spirit, she
releases from the bondage of indulgence, she aids the ethical Return to
Family and State. It is true that she never becomes a saint or a nun,
she would not be Greek if she did; moreover, according to the Greek
view, she must be transcended by the typical man, who is to rise into
an institutional life, which is hardly Circe's. Still the primal moral
subjection is shown in her career.
The domain of morals reveals the spiritual in action, the domain of
true art reveals the spiritual in representation. What shall I do with
this world of the senses? was a great question to the Greek, and still
is to us. In conduct subordinate it; in nature transform it into an
image of the higher. The work of art is a divine flash from above into
a sensuous form; this flash we separate from its material, and pass
into pure spirit; then we reach Tiresias, the mind embodied, not
limited in Space and Time.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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