In instrumental music he is the link between Haydn and Beethoven. Let us see how! He furthered the work of Haydn in the quartets and quintets by making them more human and more expressive of sorrow, pain, passionate grief and the deeper things than Haydn. In his six quartets dedicated to Haydn he says, “I labored over these.” This does not agree with the usual statement, says Naumann, “that he shook his music out of his sleeve.” Out of his forty-nine symphonies nine rank, some think, with Beethoven’s nine! In the finale of the Jupiter symphony he does so great a musical feat that as yet no one has surpassed it. For in it he writes a fugue along with the sonata form of the symphony, so spontaneous and so lovely that even Bach himself could not have reached the freshness of it. Mozart treated the fugue with the same limpid mirthfulness that he used in less strict forms of music. This Beethoven never achieved for his fugues were always a bit labored, but Mozart was perfectly at home in contrapuntal writing. Mozart also invented the art song! This is different from the regular song for the music changes from verse to verse to make the meaning of the poem or words more expressive. Thus he paved the way for Schubert, Schumann, Brahms and other great song writers, as he did for the symphonist Beethoven and those born later. He opened the gate, not to a national art, but to an international art, for he was a world figure. So, we leave Mozart, the Genius, for Beethoven, the Colossus, who deepened and glorified music and gave it a broader path along which to travel. [Illustration: _After a “Portrait of a Young Man” (Mozart?) by Prud’hon, in the Louvre, Paris._ _Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart._ ] [Illustration: _From the head by Gourwitch._ _Ludwig van Beethoven._ ] CHAPTER XXI Beethoven the Colossus 1770–1827 Let us see what was happening in the world into which Beethoven was born. The French Revolution had closed the 1700s with blood and terror, and the American Colonies were uneasy under British rule, and before Beethoven was six, the American Revolution was in full blast. It was another time like the Renaissance, when people began to think for themselves. In other words, the individual was commencing to count more than the nation. Slowly we see the idea die out that only the nobles and the wealthy had the right to life, liberty and happiness, and we see the ideas of freedom and equality taking the place of serfdom and slavish obedience to over-lords. All this may seem strange to appear in a book on music but art always mirrors the life and feelings of the people of its time. Then came Napoleon, who dragged the French army through the continent of Europe, until he was defeated at Waterloo by the English. Then, too, came the War of 1812 between England and America, and unrest seemed to be over the face of the world.