The capitals of columns, for instance, were usually of the cubic-cushion form, as may be seen in =S. John’s Chapel= in the =Tower of London=. The piers were often round and frequently clustered with columns, the round arches being recessed and framed with round mouldings. The latter, in the case of doorways and windows, were enriched with ornament carved in zig-zag, chevrons, billets, and beaked heads. The plan was apt to be longer than that of the French churches, and the elevations were proportionately lower. Vaulting was, for the present, confined to smaller churches and the side aisles of the larger; but the nave walls of the cathedrals were built sufficiently massive to support the vaulting which in some cases was subsequently added. The clerestory windows were set toward the outer part of the wall, the remaining space being occupied by a passageway, which, in front of the windows was screened from the nave by three arches. While the Norman style, as the English-Romanesque is usually called in England, appears in many cathedrals, the character of it has been greatly modified by later additions. But the finest example still existing is that of =Durham=; next to which come =Peterborough= and portions of =Norwich=. The tower above the crossing, which became a distinction of English cathedrals and is so imposing a feature of =Durham=, was added much later. But the original nave (1096) is a remarkable example of massive Norman construction, the round piers having a diameter nearly equal to the span of the arches and being channelled with flutings and spirals. The vaulting was completed in 1133 and is said to be the earliest example of Norman vaulting in England. Another notable feature of Durham Cathedral is the so-called Galilee chapel, which, in imitation of the ante-chapel in Caen, takes the place of a porch at the west end. It was used by penitents. At =Peterborough= the nave, only second to Durham as an example of Norman at its finest, is still covered with the original wooden ceiling, divided into lozenge shapes and painted. It is believed to be the oldest wooden roof in England. The Norman parts of =Norwich Cathedral= are the long, narrow, aisleless nave, the transepts, and the choir with its chevêt of chapels. =Ely=, again, has Norman nave and transepts; =Bristol=, a Norman chapter house; =Oxford=, nave and choir; =Southwell=, Norman nave, transepts, and towers; =Winchester=, transepts and towers; while =Worcester= has a Norman crypt, transepts, and circular chapter house. The last named is the only one of this design in England. Original Norman work is also to be found in the transepts at =Canterbury=, while the narrowness of its choir is due to the preservation of two Norman chapels.