Other early representative cathedrals are those of =Spires=, =Treves=, and =Mayence= while to the later period belongs the =Church of the Apostles=, =Cologne= (1220-1250). It offers a varied application of the same features in a singularly perfect design. The transepts and choir present a cluster of three apses round a low, octagonal lantern. The nave is short, twice the width of the side aisles and has western transepts and a square western tower. Especially fine are the exterior embellishments of the apses, consisting of two stories of blind arcading, surmounted by open arcades beneath the roof, while a corresponding sense of proportional dignity characterises the grouping of the eastern towers and lantern and the solitary distinction of the western tower. Here, as in three other examples of triapsal churches in =Cologne=--=S. Maria-in-Capitol=, =S. Martin=, and =S. Cunibert=--the domical vaulting is supported by squinches or pendentives. The earliest example of nave vaulting is found in the =Cathedral of Mayence=, closely followed in the Cathedrals of =Spires= and =Worms= and the abbey church at =Laach=. SPANISH ROMANESQUE In Spain great impetus was given to cathedral building by the recapture of Toledo from the Moors in 1085. In architecture, as in painting, the Spaniards seem to have sought their artistic impulses from abroad, since the most important example of their early Romanesque style--the Cathedral of =Santiago de Compostello=--is a modified copy of =S. Sernin=, at =Toulouse=, =Aquitaine=. The plan is a Latin cross with aisles not only flanking the nave but also carried round the transepts and choir apse in the manner of the French chevêt. The aisles are groin-vaulted, while a lofty barrel vault covers the nave, and an octagonal lantern crowns the crossing. A special feature of Spanish Romanesque, also derived apparently from Aquitaine, is the beauty of the dome, which covers the crossing, as in the old =Cathedral of Salamanca=, the =Collegiate Church= at =Toro= and the =Cathedral of Zamora=. They are circular in the interior and octagonal on the outside with large turrets in the angles of the octagon. The interior dome is carried upon pointed arches, between which and the spring of the vault, in the case of Salamanca, are two tiers of arcaded windows. For the admission of light the arrangement is excellent, while the general character of these domes, covered on the outside with a low, steeple-like roof of stone, is admirably monumental. Another characteristic Spanish feature, met with in some churches, as for example, that of =San Millan=, =Sagovia=, is an open cloister, on the outside of the aisle, from which doors open into it. Carved ornament was rather sparingly applied, and except in minute details suggests no Moorish influence. BOOK V GOTHIC PERIOD CHAPTER I LATE MEDIÆVAL CIVILISATION