II. Cathedrals of monastic or New Foundation; so called because they were originally attached to monasteries and at the dissolution of the latter by Henry VIII were re-established under chapters of dean and canons. They include seven, originally attached to Benedictine Houses--=Canterbury=, =Durham=, =Ely=, =Norwich=, =Rochester=, =Winchester=, =Worcester=, and one Augustine foundation--=Carlisle=. Further, they comprise the following churches, converted into cathedrals by Henry VIII--(Benedictine): =Chester=, =Gloucester=, =Peterborough=; (Augustine): =Bristol= and =Oxford=. III. Cathedrals of Modern Foundation, converted Churches, =Birmingham=, =Liverpool=, =Manchester=, =Newcastle=, =Ripon=, =St. Albans=, =Southwark=, =Southwell=, =Truro=, =Wakefield=. =Comparison with French.=--The study of English cathedrals is more complicated than that of French, owing to the long period over which their construction extended. Additions were made as funds permitted and to meet the growing needs of the community, or restorations replaced earlier buildings that had collapsed, as some did, or had been destroyed by fire. Accordingly, each example is more or less an epitome of all the phases of the Gothic style; often combined with Norman (Romanesque) and also with fragments of Anglo-Saxon architecture. They are in a very full sense an expression of the nation’s growth. English cathedrals differ from the French in being lower, longer, and narrower. The extreme length of the plan is in France seldom more than four times the width, whereas in England it sometimes reaches six times. The square east end is characteristic; the transepts project further; these are seldom double aisled and have few side chapels; the plan is inclined to cruciform, and a prominent feature is a central tower over the crossing, sometimes surmounted by a spire. The choir is proportionately longer and occasionally projects into the crossing or even a little way into the nave. At the east end of it is the _presbytery_ or sanctuary; beyond which is a _retrochoir_, containing an ambulatory or procession passage, one or more chapels to saints and a _Lady Chapel_, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The arcading is more closely spaced than in French Cathedrals and generally the relation of the parts is less large in character. The triforium in many cases is highly elaborated; in some it is noticeably reduced and occasionally omitted.