=Hawksmoor, Gibbs.=--The most notable of =Wren’s= pupils were Nicholas Hawksmoor (1666-1763) and James Gibbs (1683-1754). The latter published a book of his own designs, which, as we shall see, exercised a considerable influence on the beginnings of architecture in the American Colonies. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY STYLES ANGLO-CLASSICAL. QUEEN ANNE. GEORGIAN This period comprises the reigns of Anne (1702-14) and of the three Georges (1714-1820). In the case of large mansions it represents a continuation of the “Anglo-Palladian” style, with an increased importance given to the use of columns, especially in porticoes. Hence it is sometimes called the “Anglo-Classical,” or more specifically, the “Portico Style.” In less pretentious houses the tendency was to avoid columns and ornamental details and to rely upon the sterling character of plain brick work. The so-called _Flemish bond_ was introduced, a method of binding a wall into solidity by laying the bricks in courses of alternate _stretchers_ and _headers_--bricks, that is to say, laid, respectively lengthwise with and at right angles to the outer surface of the walls. It differed from the _English bond_, in which stretchers and headers were laid in alternate courses. A single projecting string course might mark the division of the stories, while several, projecting one over the other, would form a cornice under the eaves of the tiled roof. Or this arrangement might be replaced by a wooden cornice. Windows, owing to the tax upon them, were reduced in number and often increased in size, especially in the direction of height. Correspondingly, doors were heightened until they had an effect of narrowness. In all these particulars, as also in the introduction of pediment-shaped gables and wooden cornices under the eaves of the tiled roofs, there was a disposition to follow the seventeenth century type of Dutch and Flemish domestic architecture. This so-called “Queen Anne” style--though it is more a manner than a style--involved a certain primness of effect, quite in keeping with the somewhat pedantic attitude of the time, but is characterised by simple refinement and suggestion of comfortable domesticity. By the time of George III--1760 and onward--certain modifications were introduced into the Anglo-Classical style, which are sometimes characterised by the distinction, “Georgian.”