Street was a pupil of Sir Gilbert Scott (1810-1877), under whose influence the Gothic revival reached its full flood. He, too was an archæological enthusiast, with a preference for the Early Decorated style, and his numerous churches are frankly reproductions, as near as possible, of Mediæval architecture. On the other hand, a freer adaptation of the Gothic to modern needs and feeling appears in William Butterfield (1814-1900); for example, in the design of =Keble College, Oxford=, =All Saints, Margaret Street, London=, and his little church at Babbacombe in Devonshire. Other independent Gothicists were J. L. Pearson, architect of =Truro Cathedral= and eight London churches; James Brooks, who successfully employed brick in ecclesiastical design, and Alfred Waterhouse. The last has proved himself a master of plan in adapting the Gothic to secular buildings, two of his most important designs being the =Law Courts= and =Town Hall=, =Manchester=. FRANCE A characteristically French independence distinguishes the few churches in which the influence of the Gothic revival may be traced. The most essentially Gothic church of the period is =S. Clotilde, Paris=, designed by Theodore Ballin, who, however, in his later work, =La Trinité=, exhibits a remarkably interesting blend of Renaissance details with Gothic feeling. But the tendency in French ecclesiastical architecture was rather toward Byzantine, a movement which culminated in the great church of =Sacré Cœur= on =Montmartre=, erected by Paul Abadia (1774-1812). UNITED STATES In the United States the Gothic Revival made its appearance as early as 1839-40, in the work of two English architects, Richard M. Upjohn and James Renwick. The former was entrusted with the rebuilding of =Trinity Church, New York= and later erected the =State Capitol= of =Connecticut=, while Renwick is responsible for =Grace Church= and =S. Patrick’s Cathedral=, New York. With the advent, to be noted later, of architects trained in the Ecole des Beaux Arts, the Gothic vogue declined. But in the past ten years it has taken on a new life of remarkable achievement, under the leadership of the New York and Boston firm of Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson, which recently has been dissolved, the late partners now working independently. The vitality which they have succeeded in giving to their work in the number of examples distributed over the country may be traced to two causes.