=Ionic Order.=--From the grandiose simplicity of the Doric order we pass to the slenderer and more graceful and decorated order of the Ionic. It is almost like passing from a masculine to a feminine type: from a reflection of the severe discipline of the old Dorian, as perpetuated by the Spartans, to the more pleasure-loving and elegant life of the wealthy Ionians; from the grave influence of the Olympian Zeus, chief god of the Dorians, to the grace of the youthful Apollo and Artemis, beloved of the Ionians. For the Ionic order, as the name implies, was developed by the Asiatic Hellenes whose migration from Armenia has been already noted. From them the Greeks of Europe borrowed it. Among the earliest known examples are a =Temple of Apollo= at =Naucratis=, in Egypt, and the archaic =Temple of Artemis=, at =Ephesus=, both belonging to about 560 <small>B.C.</small> The remains of the latter are in the British Museum. They include two capitals, inscribed with the name of Crœsus, who is known to have contributed to the temple. As in the Doric order, the Ionic temple rested on a _stylobate_ of three steps, but the column is also provided with a base. The latter was usually composed of two _tori_, of semi-circular profile, separated by a concave moulding or _scotia_. Sometimes, as in the =Erechtheion= at Athens, the base stood upon a square, flat base-block, or _plinth_. Frequently the tori were embellished with horizontal flutings or the interlacing wave-lines, called _guilloche_. The Ionic shaft was proportionately higher than the Doric, being from 8 to 10 diameters in height as compared with the 4⅓ to 7 of the Doric. Consequently, the entasis was less. The intercolumniation was sometimes as much as two diameters. The shaft was incised with twenty-four narrow flutings, separated by flat-edged fillets. The capital usually commenced with a narrow convex moulding, called the _astragal_, which was often enriched with the alternate bead and spool ornament. Above this was the _echinus_, decorated with the egg-and-dart pattern. But the _echinus_ is only partly visible, since it is encroached upon by the main feature of the capital, a fillet that passes across the face and at the sides winds inward upon itself, forming a _volute_, which projects beyond the _echinus_. Above this was a low _abacus_, enriched with ornament, on which set the _architrave_. In some instances, as in the =Erechtheion=, the fillet forms a looping curve, the volute is enriched with intermediate fillets and the necking is decorated with the _anthemion_ ornament.