Calories, definition and value, iv, 154, 312, vii, 369, viii, 361, 374, ix, 295, x, 269; electrical equivalents, vii, 382; food requirements in, ix, 296-7; in various foods, viii, 361, 366-7, ix, 299, x, 269; major, viii, 361; mechanical equivalent, ix, 295; use of, in rating food values, iv, 48 Calorimeter, viii, 360-1, x, 269 Calumet Copper Mine, heat increase in, xiv, 12 Calyx, xiii, 44, 45; absent in some plants, 46, 182; incorporated in fruits, 54 Camber, of aeroplanes, i, 288 Cambium, xiii, 24, 26, 177 (fig.) Cambrian Period, iii, 181-4, 377; animals of, 263, 267, 268, 272, 273, 277; climate, 184-5; first life in, xv, 71; fossils from, iii, 174; metamorphism of rocks in, 189 Cambridge University, founding of, xvi, 100 Cambyses, burial of army of, iii, 73 Camels, xii, 313-15; hoofs of, iii, 300; trypanosome in, x, 168 Camera, iv, 339-40, ix, 106-9; Langley on the, ii, 221; power to pierce water, i, 47 Camphor, viii, 240, 252; in celluloid, 255; smell, xi, 80; source, xiii, 255, 263 Cams, v. 39-40 Canada, animals of, xii, 287, 318, 320, 336, 348, 350, 351, 365; Atlantic ports closed by ice, xiv, 267; forests of, 371, 372; French colonization of, 191; geology, iii, 165, 167, 219, 231-2; Glacial Epoch effects, xiv, 56, 61-2, 170; Indian summer, i, 361; lakes of, xiv, 200; mining products, iii, 360, 365, 368, 376; plains of, xiv, 217; plutonic formations, 111; rainfall of, 360; tobacco production, xiii, 258 Canadian Rockies, formations in, xiv, 229; glaciers of, 55 Canals, lift locks, v, 103 Canaries Current, xiv, 304 Canary Islands, xiv, 252, 289; dragon tree of, xiii, 183-4 Cancer, cause, nature, and treatment, x, 119-20, 382, 383-4; early knowledge of, 39, 41; racial immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 48-9, 50, 51; spread and cure by surgery, ix, 255 Candle, Candlepower, iv, 351-2; compared with sun, ii, 169 Candles, blowing out of, viii, 57; burning of, in caissons, iv, 31; flame of, viii, 58, 59; materials of, 247 Candy, boiling point, viii, 299; dextrin in, 243; glucose uses, 225 Cane Sugar, xiii, 83, 214-15; chemical properties, occurrence, and use, viii, 226-7; extraction and refining, 242; fermentation, 225, 227; large molecules, 356; making of, by plant, 335; solutions, freezing point, 299; sweetness of, ix, 230; testing of, by polarized light, iv, 356 Canned foods, vitamines lacking in, x, 262, 263, 266, 267-8 Cannel Coal, iii, 344, viii, 202 Cannibalism, remarks on, ix, 280-1 Cannon, Dr., medical work, x, 295, 327; quoted, xi, 137-9 Canoes, primitive, xv, 262-4; propulsion of, iv, 33-4 Canopus, gaseous state, ii, 382; parallax and distance, 316 Canvas Buckets, use of, v, 350