France, aluminum production, iii, 369; ancient fossils found in, 252, 263, xiii, 319; botanical education, xvi, 22; chalk deposits, iii, 266; coasts, xiv, 46, 47, 257; Cro-Magnons in, xv, 102; early civilization of, xiv, 359; first balloons, v, 219-21; forestry in, xiv, 239, 382; hail devices, i, 341, 342-3, 343-4; harbors of north coast, xiv, 270-1; invasions of, course taken, 92; mistral winds, i, 133; Northmen in, xiv, 261; oyster culture in, xii, 62; Paleolithic remains in, iii, 304-5; rainfall of northern, i, 338; river changes in, xiv, 184; standard gun-manufacturing, v, 49; tidal power plants, 176-7; surgery made a profession, x, 104-5; topography in World War, xiv, 86 (map), 88-93; tuberculosis campaign in, x, 175-6 Franco, Peter, x, 57, xvi, 108 Franklin, Benjamin, cold season theory, i, 58-9; climatic changes paper, 200-1; electrical work, vi, 10-11, 13-16, xvi, 121, 188-9; lightning experiments, i, 141, iv, 269-70, vi, 11, 14-16, vii, 204-5, xvi, 121; lightning rods, vii, 218-19; medical work of, x, 104; meteorological work, xvi, 177; on "magnetic sleep," 185; single-fluid theory, vi, 11, 288 Franklinic Currents, vii, 245 Fraunhofer Lines, ii, 112, iv, 362, viii, 302 Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 334 Frederick Barbarossa, medical interest of, x, 38 Freeze, defined, i, 372 Freezing, expansion of water on, iv, 149-51; heat production by, 161 Freezing Mixtures, iv, 175; known to ancients, v, 349 Freezing Point, in various thermometers, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, 141, viii, 27; of solutions, 299-301; of various substances, iv, 173; pressure effects on, 163-6 Freiberg, School of Mines, xvi, 126, 127 Freight Engines, modern, v, 210 French, in Alpine group, xvi, 49; in America, xiv, 31, 191-2, 242, 310, 311 French Language, descent from Latin, xv, 160, 162 French Revolution, causes and results, xvi, 128; crowds of, xi, 326; metric measures adopted in, iv, 136; results on cultural advance, x, 107 Frende, Gabriel, i, 244 Fresnel, light studies, xvi, 137 Freud, Sigmund, on dreams, x, 364; on hysteria, 361; psychoanalysis of, 363 Freudian School, work of, xi, 142 Friction, iv, 92-4, v, 203-7; fire obtained by, viii, 89; heat production by, iv, 48, 138; in tubes, ix, 215 Frictional Electricity, iv, 257-8, 260, vi, 11, 12, 13, 286-7; discovery, xvi, 122; electron theory, vi, 122-3; identical with other kinds, 23; single fluid theory, 288 Frictional Machines, iv, 265, vii, 236, 245 Friction Matches, iv, 49, 138, viii, 88 Fried Foods, ix, 286 Frigate bird, xii, 253-4 Fright, physiological effects of, ix, 161, 165, 221, 240-1 Fringed Gentian, a biennial, xiii, 16; corolla of, 44 (fig.) Fringing Reefs, xii, 41, xiv, 263 Frisian Islands, coast destruction in, xiv, 46