North America, ancient camels of, xii, 313; animals (carnivora), 340, 342-3, 349; birds of, 268-9; climate of eastern, xiv, 346-7; climate on opposite coasts, 345; coasts, Atlantic and Pacific, 25-6, 40, 247-8, 249-50; cyclones and tornadoes, i, 137; drainage systems, xiv, 190; exploration and settlement, 196-7, 310-11; forests of, 371, 372-4, 375-6; former connection with Asia, xii, 313, xiii, 351, xiv, 30; former connection with Europe, 290; frogs of, xii, 180; fur animals of, 350; geological history, iii, 164-248; Ice Age and resulting topography, 62, 236-48, xiv, 3, 30, 43, 59-62, 200, xv, 74-6; indigenous plants, xiv, 382; no absolute deserts in, xiii, 377; Northmen in, xiv, 261; rainfall of, 360; rivers in history, 31, 190-5, 196-7; snails of, xii, 69, 71; tobacco used by natives, xiii, 256; trees of, xiv, 375-7; Urodela of, xii, 170-2 North American Basin, xiv, 288-9 North Atlantic Ocean, birds of, xii, 251, 252, 253; currents of, xiv, 304; deep sea life in, xii, 23; formation of, xiv, 290; giant squids of, xii, 79-80; herring fisheries, 156; limacina of, 19; sharks of, 145, 146; temperature of, xiv, 297; walruses of, xii, 334; weather charts, i, 275, 276 North Beach, Florida, wave power at, xiv, 300 North Cape, level changes at, xiv, 34 North Carolina, Appalachian Mts. in, xiv, 97, 168; coast of, 264; thermal belts, i, 259; trap dikes of, xiv, 112-13 Northern Hemisphere, cradle of flowering plants, xiii, 319; deflection of motion in, i, 125; dip of magnetic needle in, iv, 245-6; forests of, xiv, 371; land in, 20; winds of, i, 125, 127, 128, 137, xiv, 345-6, 348 Northern Lights, i, 158 (see Aurora) Northmen, history of, xiv, 261-2 North Pole, rain at, i, 109 North Sea, commerce development in, xiv, 308; formation of, 287; formerly land, xv, 76; herring fisheries, xii, 156 Norway, barley ripening in, xiv, 365; civilization of, xv, 131; coasts, iii, 57, 79; coasts, xiv, 247, 258, 259 (see also Fjords); glaciers of, 55; Gulf Stream effects, 304; latitude of, 315; nitrogen fixation, i, 36, vii, 324, viii, 74; plain on west coast, xiv, 47 Nose, adaptation to odors, xi, 80; bones of, ix, 62; cartilage in, 57; cleanings of, x, 312; cold effects on, ix, 311; functions and diseases of, x, 341; germ infection through, 198, 202, 219; in infants, xv, 61; nerve connections, xi, 81-2; organ of smell, 62, 78; passages, 77; plastic surgery of, x, 57, 189; racial types, xv, 45-6; smell organs in, ix, 96; violent blowing, danger, xi, 101; X-ray examinations of, x, 373 Nose Rings, xv, 259 (fig.), 260 Nostrils, of monkeys, xii, 376; racial shapes of, xv, 46