Eugenic studies, confirmed by those of genetics and biometry, show that the human race, which is the masterpiece of Nature's evolutionary processes, is capable of much further development through the careful guiding of the very forces used in evolving man to his present state. Man can be improved by selection and education to greater beauty, clearer intellect, larger stature, sounder character, and better physique. The measure of what man has done is a good criterion of what he is capable of doing under the guidance and encouragement of science. Genetics, the study of the hereditary phenomena of organisms, is based upon the law of inheritance discovered by Mendel in 1865. This law relates to the inheritance of certain definite characters called allelomorphs. These characters are found to group themselves in pairs which exhibit more or less antagonistic qualities. A knowledge of these characteristics is necessary to conduct selective breeding experiments scientifically. It is found that when two similar germ cells, each bearing the same new combination of allelomorphs, meet in fertilization, they result in the development of a new zygotic combination of a pure type which breeds true. This accounts for the establishment of new species. When, on the other hand, the coupling is unequal, or only partial, there will be irregularities in the characters of the offspring and no new species is likely to develop. Immense value is attached to this law by naturalists working in all fields. The three new sciences of eugenics, genetics, and biometry have prepared the way for a regeneration of humanity through breeding in the desirable and breeding out the undesirable. CHAPTER XIII CHEMICAL AND BOTANICAL THEORIES The World War served to demonstrate the degree of perfection which has been attained in chemistry. The wonderful high explosives used, the poisonous gases, the lubricating and motor oils and a multitude of valuable chemicals employed for military and naval purposes, many of which were developed at short notice, showed the modern chemist's command of his science. Yet chemistry is a new science. Practically it began with Robert Boyle, in England, in 1661. Boyle conducted experiments on the rarefaction of air and the nature of gases, and in his book, "The Sceptical Chemist," he made this remarkable statement: "I am apt to think that men will never be able to explain the phenomena of nature, while they endeavor to deduce them only from the presence and proportions of such or such ingredients, and consider such ingredients or elements as bodies in a state of rest; whereas, indeed, the greatest part of the affections of matter, and consequently of the phenomena of nature, seem to depend upon the motion and contrivance of the small parts of bodies." Thus Boyle anticipated the chemical theories of matter developed in the nineteenth century.