Ang.: Anglia. Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beiträge. Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien. Germ.: Germania. Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes. Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi. Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. NOTES. l. 1. hwæt: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853: "Sin I shal beginne the game, _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!" wē ... gefrūnon is a variant on the usual epic formulǣ ic gefrægn (l. 74) and mīne gefrǣge (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the same formula. l. 1. "Gār was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br. 124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc. l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc. l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to terrify_. l. 15. S. suggests þā (_which_) for þæt, as object of drēogan; and for aldor-lēase, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit_. ix. 136. S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured." l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._ an. 855. H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135) eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna. "The name _Bēowulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and _bēohata_, 'warrior,' in Cǣdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with _bēowulf_."--Sw. Cf. "Arcite and Palamon, That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris. Cf. M. Müller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's _Daniel_, 104. l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?). l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesīðas below. H.-So. compares _Héliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21.