Ibrahim Pasha’s brilliant career was closed. What were the achievements of his thirteen years of power? He had carried the Turkish arms to the gates of Vienna in the west and to Bagdad and Tebriz in the east, and his almost uniformly successful generalship had added to the great renown in which the Ottoman army was held. Sometimes alone, and sometimes under the sultan, he had shown himself an able strategist, and fearless soldier. He had established diplomatic relations with Europe, one of his last acts being the first treaty with the French, and in diplomacy he had shown himself intelligent, true to Suleiman’s interests, and strong if not subtle. As an administrator, his brief power in Egypt was used wisely, and his governorship of Roumelie was able and strong, if not rising in a marked degree above the standards of his day. He was possessed of dignity, impressiveness of manner, and a magnificence in which he vied with his imperial master. He certainly had cared for his own interests, obtaining enormous wealth and power, but that he had ever neglected his master’s interests is unproved, and many times he showed himself loyal rather than venal. Ibrahim’s importance in Turkish history lies partly in the great diplomatic changes and the conquests which he achieved together with Suleiman, and partly in the fact that he was the first grand vizir taken from the people who exercised much power, and that with him began the rule of vizirs and favorites which became a very important fact in later Turkish history. While we recognize the danger of such rule, yet we also feel that Turkey had a better chance under such men of ability as Mehmet Sokolli Pasha and the Kiuprelli vizirs than under the chance sultans of the Ottoman family, which has produced few great rulers since Suleiman the Magnificent. To western students the interest in Ibrahim’s history lies not only in his bringing Turkey into friendly contact with Europe, but perhaps more in the very perfect and highly developed illustration he affords of the curious anomalies, the romantic possibilities, the strangeness of Turkish rule, as well as in the light that his career throws on European rulers and armies of the same century. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE, TREATIES AND OTHER DOCUMENTS Albèri. _Relatione degli Ambasciatori Veneti._ 3 series, 9 vols. Venice, 1839–63. Ameer Ali, Syed. _Mohammedan Law._ Compiled from authorities in original Arabic. Calcutta, 1893–4. 3 vols. Also _A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Mohammed_, London, 1873. Aristarchi Bey, G. _Législation Ottomane ou Recueil des lois, règlements, ordonnances, traités, capitulations, etc. de l’Empire Ottoman._ Constantinople, 1873. Brown, H. _Calendar of State Papers in Venice._ London, 1898. Bradford, W. _Correspondence of the Emperor Charles V and his ambassadors of the courts of England and France._ London, 1850.