I need not give further examples from the other great mountain ranges. Their structure is not so well understood as that of the Alps, though doubtless when examined they will be found just as "young," and just as full of astonishing mountain movements as those already examined. But this much is already certain, that =practically over all the world the mountains were either completed or wholly raised from the sea level= during "late Tertiary" and "early Quaternary time." No wonder Dana says that this fact "is one of the most marvelous in geological history." "It has been thought incredible that the orographic climax should have come =so near the end= of geological time, instead of in an early age when the crust had a plastic layer beneath, and was free to move; yet =the fact is beyond question=." ("Manual," p. 1020.) I think I have now abundantly proved the various heads of the proposition with which I began this chapter, viz., that even from the standpoint of the current theories:--[93] (1) Man must have seen the entire elevation or at least the completion of practically all the great mountains of the world, such as the Rockies, Andes, Alps, Himalayas, etc. (2) The relative distribution of land and water surface has--since Man's advent as commonly stated--changed completely. The land and water have practically changed places over the greater part of the globe. (3) Man lived while the Arctic regions had a mild soft climate, and he lived to see these conditions so suddenly changed that some of his dumb brute companions were caught in the waters and frozen so speedily that their flesh has remained untainted. Other considerations show this change of climate to have affected the whole globe. The lesson to be drawn from this as the last fact in the line of cumulative evidence here presented, will be considered in the following chapter. FOOTNOTES: [88] "Controverted Questions of Geology," Article III., 1895. [89] "Meeting-Place," pp. 28, 29. [90] _Pop. Sc. News_, Feb. 1902. [91] "Manual," p. 364. [92] p. 367. [93] (Note. In this discussion I have purposely ignored the various instances where human remains have been reported from deposits of even greater "antiquity" than the Middle Tertiaries.) CHAPTER XIII INDUCTIVE METHODS In the First Part of this book I tried to examine into the facts and methods which are commonly supposed to prove that there has been a succession of life on the globe. We found that this life succession theory has not a single fact to support it; that it is not the result of scientific research, but wholly the product of an inventive imagination; that no one kind of fossil has even been proved or can be proved to be intrinsically older than another, or than Man himself; and hence that a complete reconstruction of geological theory is imperatively demanded by our modern knowledge. In the Second Part I have brought out the following additional facts: