the National Library at Paris.[36] In this book the artist has made drawings, as he says, from the life--some are views, others drawings of objects of art; one represents a lion of the mediæval heraldic type, yet the artist assures us it is from the life. But there is no real accuracy, everything is done with reference to some canon. It is, however, quite free from the Byzantine influence, though by no means free from a certain tincture of symbolism. The nude is rarely attempted, but when it is it is certainly less ugly than in Carolingian and Romanesque. To return to the Psalter--the style of the figures is rather graceful, attitudes are gentle and modest, though the inclination of head and body are such as to suggest a sort of undulatory movement in walking that is scarcely natural. The forms are slender, and the limbs occasionally beyond the owner's control--sometimes even deformed. The feet are small and weak--now and then over-twisted. The hands more delicate than formerly, especially when open. Faces are gently oval and sometimes expressive. [36] It has been published as the Album of V. de H., Paris, 1858. Sometimes the "histories" are placed in initial letters, the grounds of which, when not of burnished gold, consist of imitations of mural _carrelages_, chequers, etc., or rich enamelled patterns imitative of engraved traceries on metal. In other cases they are placed in frame-mouldings, consisting of a bar or beading of gold supporting an inner bar of coloured and polished wood or enamel work--the polish being represented by a fine line of white along the centre. For illustrations of this precious volume the reader may refer to Labarte, _Hist. des Arts industriels_, album, pl. 92 (Paris, 1864). Now that the monasteries had ceased to be the exclusive nurseries of art and literature, the masters of the different arts and crafts usually belonged to the middle classes of the towns, where at first each art or craft had its own fraternity, and as the idea of trade-association crew, the crafts most nearly related would form a guild or corporation. All who joined these corporations bound themselves to work only as the ruler of the guild permitted. Nor were outsiders allowed to compete with them in their own branches, so exclusive was the protection of the guild.