[233] Evidently mis-spelt for _psalterio_; and again in the next item. [234] The _quaternion_ was a gathering of four sheets of vellum, each folded once; thus forming sixteen pages. [235] This book was partly written on sheets of vellum which were _in stauro_ (in stock), and therefore do not come into the accounts. [236] Twelve quires of vellum which were in stock were also used for this _Antiphonale_. [237] See _Trans. Bristol and Glouces. Arch. Soc._ Vol. XV. 1891, pp. 257 and 260. [238] See Peignot, _Essai sur l'histoire du parchemin et du vélin_, Paris, 1812. [239] Strictly speaking the word _vellum_ should denote parchment made from calfskin, but the word is commonly used for any of the finer qualities of parchment which were used for manuscripts. [240] Quoted by Hook, _Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury_, Vol. III. p. 353; the Rev. Canon G. F. Browne kindly called my attention to this passage. Other examples of the cost of vellum are given in the preceding chapter. [241] The same arrangement is to be seen in books printed on vellum. [242] For example, the mere vellum required to print a small thick folio, such as Caxton's _Golden Legend_, would now cost about £40. [243] I owe many of the facts in the following account of early paper to the excellent article on that subject in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, ninth edition, Vol. XVIII. by Mr E. Maunde Thompson. See also E. Egger, _Le papier dans l'antiquité et dans les temps modernes_, Paris, 1866. [244] A good illustrated account of early water-marks is given by Sotheby, _Principia Typographia_, London, 1858. [245] Some fifteenth century paper has a special maker's mark, but more usually a general town or district mark was used, such as the cross-keys, a Cardinal's hat, an Imperial crown or double-eagle. [246] What is now called "foolscap paper" originally took its name from a paper-mark in the form of a _fool's cap and bells_, a device which was frequently used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. [247] Some of Caxton's books, printed in Westminster, bear many different paper-marks of Germany and Flanders, even in the same volume. [248] Paper was also made at an early date in Constantinople, through its intimate relationship with the East. Hence the Monk Theophilus, writing in the eleventh century, calls linen-paper "Greek vellum," _pergamena Graeca_; see I. 24. [249] This old paper is almost as stout, tough and durable as parchment--very unlike modern machine-made paper. [250] The size was made by boiling down shreds of vellum. Blotting-paper is paper that has not been sized. A coarse grey variety was used as early as the fifteenth century, though, as a rule, fine sand was used for this purpose till about the middle of the present century, especially on the Continent.