It follows from all these considerations that a new settlement should be composed of young, healthy, and moral persons; that all should not be labourers, nor all capitalists; and that there should be a sufficient concentration of their numbers on the new lands to insure a facility of exchanges. Home colonies may afford a temporary relief to a redundant population, and also increase the productiveness of the lands which they appropriate; but this is done by alienating capital from its natural channels; and with the certainty of ultimately injuring society by increasing the redundancy of population over capital. Home colonization then, though less injurious than the unproductive distribution of the Charity-fund, is inferior to foreign colonization, inasmuch as the one yields temporary benefit to a few at the expense of ultimate injury to many; and the other produces permanent benefit to all. The objects of Penal Colonization are, 1st. The security of society by the removal of the offender. 2d. The security of society by the effect of his example. 3d. The reformation of the offender. There has hitherto been an entire failure of all these objects. And no wonder; since, 1st. The offender is only transferred from one portion of society to another: and besides, frequently returns to his old haunts. 2d. His punishment, as far as it is punishment, takes place at too great a distance to be conspicuous as a warning; and in as far as his lot does not involve punishment, the effect of his example is precisely the reverse of what is desired. 3d. Our convict arrangements tend to the further corruption of the offender, by letting him experience a great improvement in his condition as a direct consequence of his crimes. The junction of penal with voluntary emigration tends equally to disappoint the purposes of the one, and to extinguish the benefits of the other; since convict labourers find themselves in a state of privilege, in a region where their labour procures them large rewards; and new settlers find their community deeply injured by the vice and disease consequent on the introduction of a convict population. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ FOR EACH AND FOR ALL. =A Tale.= BY HARRIET MARTINEAU. -------------- LONDON: CHARLES FOX, 67, PATERNOSTER-ROW. --- 832. CONTENTS. ---