II. The superstratification of the secondary, in a position nearly horizontal, so as to be at right angles to those on which they rest. III. The interposition of a breccia between them or, as happens in many cases, the transition of the lowest of the secondary beds into a breccia, containing fragments sometimes worn, sometimes angular, of the primary rock. This last is a phenomenon extremely general, and all our subsequent information confirms Dr Hutton's anticipations concerning it. "It will be very remarkable," he says, "if similar appearances, (such as those of the breccia described by Voight,) are always found upon the junction of the Alpine with the level countries."[95] Saussure, in a part of his work, not published when Dr Hutton wrote this passage, has attested the generality of the fact with respect to the whole Alps, from the Tyrol to the Mediterranean: "Un sait que l'on observe sans aucune exception, ce sont les amas de débris, sous la forme de blocs, de breches, de poudingues, de grès, de sable, ou amoncelés, et formant des montagnes, ou des collines, dispersés sur le bord exterieur, ou même dans les plaines qui bordent la chaine des Alpes."[96] [Footnote 95: Theory of the Earth, vol. i. p. 448.] [Footnote 96: Voyages aux Alpes, tom. iv. § 2330.] This passage is perfectly decisive as to the generality of the fact, that the Alps, from the Tyrol to the Mediterranean, are bordered all round by pudding-stones or breccias. At the same time, it is necessary to remark, that M. Saussure, by enumerating loose blocks and sand, along with pudding-stones, breccias and grit, confounds together things which are extremely different, and which have had their origin at periods extremely remote from one another. The consolidated rocks of breccia, pudding-stone and grit, though they are indications of waste, have received their present character at the bottom of the sea: the loose blocks of stone, the sand and gravel, on the other hand, are the effects of the waste now going forward on the surface of the land, and are the materials out of which rocks of the three kinds just mentioned may hereafter be composed. If so skilful a mineralogist as Saussure is guilty of such inaccuracy, it must be ascribed to the confusion necessarily arising from the system which he followed, and not to his own want of discrimination.