Andaman Islands, the, 168 Position, 167 Relationship, 167, 168, 171, 321, 327 Soundings, 168, 320 Coral banks, 170 Area, 168 Geology, 174, 175, 176 Minerals, 176 Subsidence, 176 Volcanic action, 174 Earthquakes, 176 Climate, 173 Rainfall, 173 Temperature, 173 Cyclones, 174 Average wind and weather, 335 Scenery, 170 Mountains, 169 Harbours, 171 Flora, 171, 172 Principal forest trees, 336-338 Fauna Birds, 326-328 List of, occurring in the Andamans, 328-331 Mammals, 322-324 Synopsis of mammalian fauna, 325 History, 176-184 Origin of the name Andaman, 176 First known reference, 177 Chinese records, 177 Accounts of Arab travellers (A.D. 871), 177 Accounts of Marco Polo (thirteenth century), 177 Master Cæsar Frederike (sixteenth century), 178 Dr Gemelli (seventeenth century), 178 Captain Alexander Hamilton (eighteenth century), 179, 180 Hon. East India Company's expeditions, 180 Establishment of a Penal Settlement (1789), 180 Transfer of the Penal Settlement (1792), 180 Colonel Syme's report (1795), 181 Abandonment of Settlement (1796), 181 Nineteenth century details, 181 Attempt at colonisation (1849), 181, 182 Dr Mouat's Commission (1857), 183 Re-establishment of Penal Settlement, 183 Andamans formed in a Commissionership with Nicobars (1871), 184 Natural products, 172, 199, 341 List of the more useful and valuable woods, 339 Cultivations, 172, 198, 200 Industries, 171, 172, 198, 199, 200, 339, 340, 341 Exports, 199, 339, 340 The Penal System, 193-199 Population, 192 Foreign residents, 342 Census (1901), 342 (For inhabitants, _see_ "The Andamanese." _See_ also "The Archipelago," "Barren Island," "The Cinques," "Great Andaman," "Little Andaman," "Narkondam," "Port Blair," "Rutland Island," "South Andaman.") Andaman, Little. _See_ "Little Andaman" Andaman, South. _See_ "South Andaman" Andaman Strait, 168, 169