Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
The colonial governments not only sold the Indian captives themselves,
but sometimes authorized their military commanders so to do. On January
15, 1676, the governor of Massachusetts issued instructions to Captain
Benjamin Church to go against the Indians, and to distribute among his
men the plunder and captives according to such agreement as captain and
company might make. The instructions read: “And it shall be lawful, and
is hereby warranted, for him to make sale of such prisoners as their
perpetual slaves; or otherwise to retain them, as they think meet (they
being such as the law allows to be kept)”.[521] On August 28, 1676,
also, the governor of Plymouth wrote to the governor of Rhode Island
that Captain Church had been chosen and authorized by Plymouth “to
demand and receive of the governor of Rhode Island” all the captive
Indians, and to guard and conduct them to Plymouth, or to sell and
dispose of them, as he chose, to the “inhabitants or others for terms
of life, or for shorter times, as there may be reasons”.[522]
No exception to this custom of enslavement was made in the case of the
Praying Indians. During the course of the war several of these Indians,
“through the harsh dealings of the English”, and because of neglect to
provide them with “sufficient shelter, protection and encouragement”,
joined the warring Indians.[523] Such of these Indians as were taken
in arms were declared by the Massachusetts general court to be in
rebellion, and were tried and sentenced, some to be killed, but the
most of them to be transported and sold as slaves.[524]
Captives were also retained as slaves in the colony, especially
the women and children. For instance, in 1675, in return for the
privilege granted by Mr. Shrimpton of Noddle’s Island to quarter one
hundred Indians upon that island free of charge, the general court of
Massachusetts ordered five Christian Indian prisoners to be delivered
to him to be employed on Noddle’s Island, “he returning them to the
order of the council”.[525]
It is very probable, as Gookin asserts, that instances are not lacking
in which some of the Praying Indians were sold as slaves under
accusations which were false.[526] Such happened also in the case
of other Indians. Their promises were not considered sincere by the
colonial authorities, for a result of the war was an intense hatred and
suspicion of all Indians.[527] The Praying Indians were sufficiently
numerous to be a dangerous factor, and the colonial authorities
intended to give them no chance to gain the advantage.[528]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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