=Other Wood.= Several other trees have bark which is used for tannin, among them the _curupay_, said to have 28 per cent in the bark, which is used in Paraguay. This is one of the strongest woods in the world, like quebracho much wanted for railway ties. The _urunday_ is a wood so durable that posts of it in damp ground have lasted 200 years. Other woods resemble the hickory, the English walnut, the soft pine, etc. The _ivara-pitak_ is a fine all around timber, light, tough, and hard, an unusual combination. Lignum vitae (_palo santo_), almost as hard as quebracho, cedar, and bitter orange abound, the leaves of the latter used for essential oil, chiefly exported to France. The hard woods are useful for railways, for cabinet making, and fine furniture; also for firewood on account of the enormous price of coal. From the proximity of the forests to the coalless region of Argentina and its plains, mostly treeless or supporting light woods only, like eucalyptus and poplar, forestry is certain to have in Paraguay a speedy and extensive development, in spite of the fact that there is a great variety of trees growing in a small space, as 47 different kinds among 163 trees in a tract 100 yards square. However, in places in the Chaco the quebracho chiefly abounds. Other woods found in the eastern forest are _ibiraro_, close grained and flexible, the best for wheels, which made of this wood last for years without tires, excellent also for boat and ship building; the _caranday_ or black palm 30 feet high, used for telegraph poles and scaffolding; _palo de rosa_ (rosewood), a mahogany used for cigar boxes; the _tatum_, good for clothes boxes, being obnoxious to insects; and many more, valuable but little known. Also there are fibre plants, ramie, jute, etc. =Yerba mate=, although now to some extent cultivated, is chiefly a forestal product. Once known as Paraguay tea, it is a famous product of the country, and in some sections the most important. The trees or shrubs grow wild in the forest to a height of 10-25 feet; from these the bright green leaves are gathered from which the tea is made. How to propagate the trees was for years a mystery, but it is now known that soaking the seed in hot water will promote germination. If planted in tiny wooden boxes with no bottom, 9 inches deep, the roots may be transplanted without injury. A tree comes into bearing in five years, but reaches full production only after 12 years. Some plantations have been established on the Alto Paraná, but the greater part of the _mate_ comes from the virgin forest. The natural trees in the forest grow better if that is cleared of underbrush and of the larger trees. When full grown they can endure 5-6 cuttings a year without permanent harm.