MANUFACTURES As might be expected, the manufacturing industries of Venezuela are few in number and rely in the main on a protective tariff for existence. The principal articles made are cotton goods, paper, glass, cement, cordage, soap, candles, shoes, alpargatas, leather goods, cigars, cigarettes, etc. The five cotton factories produce 80 per cent of the ordinary cloth consumed in the country. In Mérida are woolen and hat factories. In Caracas good furniture is made, macaroni, paper, etc. There is a paper factory also at Maracay. Ten miles from Caracas the waterfall of Naiguatá, over 3000 feet, makes available 30,000 horse power, of which 9000 is used. INVESTMENTS Among the various opportunities for the investment of foreign capital, including all of the industries mentioned, the safest are agriculture and stock raising; perhaps also small factories. Land is so cheap that little capital is needed for the agriculturist unless engaging on a very large scale. Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, castor beans, and many other articles may be raised with profit. Factories large or small may be operated to advantage. Cumaná and Puerto Cabello are good places for canning tropical fruits. Oil may be extracted for edible or industrial purposes from coconuts, peanuts, and other fruits or vegetables. Chocolate may be made, cotton mills established. A mill is suggested for Margarita, where fine cotton is grown. Rope and bag factories might employ Venezuelan _cocuiza_ or henequen to make the 2,000,000 bags needed annually in the country. Saw mills at Cumaná, Maracaibo, La Ceiba, Tucacas, etc., would be extremely useful. Large capitalists may find opportunities for the construction of public utilities such as street railways, electric light and power plants, water works, sewers; also in bridge building, railway construction, etc. Some might be interested in mining, especially of iron, which is found favorably located for transportation within half a mile of a navigable river about 50 miles from the mouth of the Orinoco. To individuals with small capital the gold region would be more attractive. An important development of the large deposits of bauxite is attracting much attention. CHAPTER XII GUIANA AS A WHOLE: BRITISH GUIANA The name Guiana has been applied to the entire country between the Orinoco and the Amazon. We have observed that in Venezuela the region south of the Orinoco is called the Guiana Highlands. We shall notice later that the section south of the dividing mountain range and north of the Amazon as far west as the Rio Negro is called Brazilian Guiana; but the country which is more strictly Guiana is east and north of these, though here, too, adjectives are applied as there are three divisions: British, Dutch, and French Guiana, the British on the west, the French farthest east. AREA