═══════════╤═════════════════════════════╤═════════════════════════════ Death rate │ │ per million│ │ of │ Non-epidemic years. │ Epidemic years. population │ │ from │ │ ───────────┼─────────┬─────────┬─────────┼─────────┬─────────┬───────── „ │ 1887│ 1888│ 1889│ 1890│ 1891│ 1892 ───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── Influenza │ 3│ 3│ 2│ 157│ 574│ 533 Bronchitis │ 2,117│ 2,041│ 1,957│ 2,333│ 2,593│ 2,266 Pneumonia │ 1,113│ 1,093│ 1,022│ 1,404│ 1,471│ 1,250 ───────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴───────── In a report by the United States Public Health Service early in 1919 the death rates from all causes in twelve large cities of this country were compared for 1889–90 and for 1918–19. It was found that while considerable irregularity in the curves was evident, the curves of the two epidemics manifested on the whole quite a striking similarity for the same cities considered individually and for the group as a whole. The death rate rose to a much higher point during the autumn wave of the 1918 epidemic than in the epidemic of 1889–90 in nine out of the twelve cities. During both epidemics the rate was relatively low in St. Louis, Milwaukee and Minneapolis. The mortality in all of these cities was 26.7 in 1889, as against 35.2 for 1918. In the peak week the rate rose to 55.6 in 1918 as against 35.4 in 1889. The influenza deaths in Massachusetts in the year 1890 during a period of fifty days were estimated by Abbott to have been 2,500. In 1918 Jordan estimates the mortality for the same state to have been six times as great. The population of the state had not doubled in the interval. The highest mortality from influenza in Massachusetts during the 1889–93 epidemic occurred in January, 1892, during which month the total deaths amounted to 6,309 which was greater by 2,246 than the mean monthly mortality of the year, and greater by more than 1,000 than the mortality of any month in the ten year period 1883–92. A comprehensive comparison of the damage done by influenza in 1918 with the deaths from other plagues has been made by Vaughan and Palmer. “The pandemic of 1918, when compared with that of 1889–90 is estimated to have caused _six times as many deaths_. “During the four autumn months of 1918, 338,343 cases of influenza were reported to the Surgeon General. This means that in the camps of this country _one out of every four men had influenza_.