Influenza : $b An epidemiologic studyVaughan, Warren T. (Warren Taylor)
History
Influenza : $b An epidemiologic study
Vaughan, Warren T. (Warren Taylor)
Influenza
The same results were obtained. This time six cubic
centimeters were administered to each individual. Finally, transfer was
made directly with swabs from the nose, throat and nasopharynx of one
individual to another in nineteen cases. None developed the disease.
The next series of experiments consisted in an attempt to inoculate
volunteers with influenza by injecting into them 10 cc. of citrated
blood, which was the pooled collection from five cases of acute
influenza. Ten volunteers were inoculated. None took sick. Next, the
secretions from the upper respiratory tract of acute cases were injected
subcutaneously into ten volunteers, each receiving 3.5 cc. This material
was first put through a porcelain filter. None took ill. In an attempt
to reproduce the disease in imitation of nature, ten individuals were
exposed to cases of acute influenza in hospital wards. Each volunteer
was placed very near to the patient, shook hands with him, talked and
chatted with him, for five minutes, after which he received the
patient’s breath full in his face five times while he inhaled, and
finally the patient coughed five times directly into the subject’s face.
Each volunteer did this with each of ten different patients, all of them
acutely ill, none more than three days sick. No volunteers developed the
disease. All cases of influenza used throughout the period of these
experiments were typical acute cases selected from a distinct focus or
outbreak of the disease. Sometimes, for example, they would select four
or five typical cases from an epidemic in a school with a hundred cases.
In February, 1919, the experiments were continued at Portsmouth, where
the secretions were transferred direct from individual to individual. In
about thirty-six hours half of the number came down with streptococcus
sore throat, but not with influenza. One of the medical officers,
however, who had been very active in the experiments, and who had come
into intimate contact with the disease since early in October, but who
had not been inoculated, developed, during this experiment, typical
influenza. The explanation for these failures is not certain. The
experiments were started rather late after the onset of the epidemic,
and the volunteers may have developed some immunity, although they had
not developed the disease. Or, they may never have been susceptible.
McCoy made a similar series of experiments in San Francisco, using
volunteers who so far as known had not even been exposed to the
outbreak, also with negative results. However, many of these latter had
been “vaccinated against influenza” with a mixed vaccine.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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