NINETEENTH CENTURY.--In the nineteenth century may first be found among poets that great poet, the unhappy Leopardi, the bard of suffering, of sorrow, and of despair; Carducci, a brilliant orator, imbued with vigorous passions; Manzoni, lyricist, dramatist, vibrating with patriotic enthusiasm, affecting in his novel _The Betrothal_, which became popular in every country in Europe. In prose, Silvio Pellico equally moved Europe to tears by his book _My Prisons_, wherein he narrated the experiences of his nine years of captivity at the hands of Austria, and found his agreeable tragedy of _Francesca da Rimini_ welcomed with flattering appreciation. Philosophy was specially represented by Gioberti, author of _The Treatise on the Supernatural_, and journalism by Giordani, eloquent, at times with grace and ease, and at others with harshness and violence. THE MODERNS.--As these words were written came the news of the death of the illustrious novelist Fogazzaro. Gabriel d'Annunzio, poet and ultra-romantic novelist, and Mathilde Serao, an original novelist, pursue their illustrious careers. CHAPTER XIX THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES: SPAIN The Drama still Brilliant: Moratin. Historians and Philosophers, Novelists, Orators. THE DRAMA. Since the middle of the seventeenth century, approximately, Spain has exercised less literary influence than in the preceding centuries. Nevertheless Spanish literature was not extinct; it was in the drama more especially that it was manifest. Candamo, Cañizares, and Zamora all illumined the stage. Candamo devoted himself to the historical drama; his masterpiece in this type was _The Slave in Golden Chains_; Cañizares, powerful satirist, displayed the comic spirit in his comedies of character; Zamora manipulated the comedy of intrigue with remarkable dexterity. Then came Vincente de la Huerta, skilful in combining the type of French tragedy with something of the ancient dramatic national genius; then Leandro Moratin (called Moratin the Younger to distinguish him from his father Nicholas), very imitative, no doubt, of Molière, but in himself highly gifted, and of whose works can still be read with pleasure _The Old Man and the Young Girl_, _The New Comedy on the Coffee_, _The Female Hypocrite_, etc. He also wrote lyrical poems and sonnets. He lived long in France, where he became impregnated with Gallic classical literature.