Such stimuli of heat as the rays of the sun would occasionally
discharge on the skin would resolve themselves into the general
stimulus of pain, and in this direction a far shorter initiation
occurred than with any of the four normal cutaneous stimuli. The fact,
at any rate, of there being no _heat_ spots is to be noted.
It remains now, having quoted three writers eminent in physiology,
psychology and zoology in support of the modest thesis here put
forward for me to appeal to the authority of the facts contained in the
tables for such evidence as they can give, and to give a summary of
this.
Summary.
1. Table I. shows that the structures known as touch corpuscles are
distributed on those parts of the skin where the stimuli of touch fall
most and in proportion to the degree in which those parts are employed
in tactile discrimination; thus, most of all on the index finger (with
the exception of the tip of the tongue) next on the thumb and less on
the middle finger. There are 530 of these corpuscles to the upper and
317 to the lower extremity.
2. Table II. bears out the same conclusion, the average number of
corpuscles to a square millimetre being twenty-one on the terminal,
eight on the second and four on the first phalanges of the index
finger, whereas on the foot there are seven on the great toe much
exposed to stimuli and only two on the middle of the sole of the
foot, which is little exposed. The absence of them from the cornea
and conjunctiva, protected by quick and powerful reflexes from such
stimuli, and from the (normally) covered glans penis is in accordance
with the other results.
3. Table III. dealing with touch spots, shows that these are nearly
twice as numerous on the flexor as the dorsal surface of the forearm;
and nearly five times as numerous as on the scalp, where tactile
stimuli are few, and that the distal phalanx of a finger contains about
seven times as many as an area between the shoulders. The regions poor
in touch spots are shown to be those where relatively few tactile
stimuli can fall.
4. Table IV. gives cold and warmth sensations graded according to the
delicacy with which they are perceived in many regions of the skin.
The cold sensations are best distinguished on the parts normally most
exposed to cold, as the tips of fingers, malleoli, tip of nose, chin,
patella, wrist, and least on the protected areas, inner side of thigh,
flank, loins and abdomen. The warmth sensations are best distinguished
on the regions on which the stimuli of warmth has most frequently
fallen, tips of fingers and toes, cavity of mouth, palm of hand, less
so on the neck and loin. And the striking fact is noted that warmth
sensations are not felt in the lower gums, the inside of the cheek at
a certain level and the cornea, which again is protected from these
stimuli by its efficient reflex, whereas to the gums and inside of the
cheek most warmth stimuli have not been “stimuli” at all.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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