International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume 1: Philosophy and Metaphysics
Philosophy
International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume 1: Philosophy and Metaphysics
Conference proceedings; Medicine -- Congresses; Science and the humanities -- Congresses; Technology -- Congresses
Concerning the partition of territory between science and
philosophy, there are two distinct questions respecting the
facts of experience. First, we need to know the facts in
their temporal and spatial order, and the way they hang
together in a system of law. To get this knowledge is the
function of science, and in this work science has
inalienable rights and a most important practical function.
This work cannot be done by speculation nor interfered with
by authority of any kind. It is not surprising, then, that
scientists in their sense of contact with reality should be
indignant with, or feel contempt for, any who seek to limit
or proscribe their research. But supposing this work all
done, there remains another question respecting the
causality and interpretation of the facts. This question
belongs to philosophy. Science describes and registers the
facts with their temporal and spatial laws; philosophy
studies their causality and significance. And while the
scientist justly ignores the philosopher who interferes with
his inquiries, so the philosopher may justly reproach the
scientist who fails to see that the scientific question does
not touch the philosophic one....
In the field of metaphysics proper I note a strong tendency
toward personal idealism, or as it might be called,
Personalism; that is, the doctrine that substantial reality
can be conceived only under the personal form and that all
else is phenomenal. This is quite distinct from the
traditional idealisms of mere conceptionism. It holds the
essential fact to be a community of persons with a Supreme
Person at their head while the phenomenal world is only
expression and means of communication. And to this view we
are led by the failure of philosophizing on the impersonal
plane, which is sure to lose itself in contradiction and
impossibility. Under the form of mechanical naturalism, with
its tendencies to materialism and atheism, impersonalism has
once more been judged and found wanting. We are not likely
to have a recurrence of this view unless there be a return
to philosophical barbarism. But impersonalism at the
opposite pole in the form of abstract categories of being,
causality, unity, identity, continuity, sufficient reason,
etc., is equally untenable. Criticism shows that these
categories when abstractly and impersonally taken cancel
themselves. On the impersonal plane we can never reach unity
from plurality, or plurality from unity; and we can never
find change in identity, or identity in change. Continuity
in time becomes mere succession without the notion of
potentiality, and this in turn is empty. Existence itself is
dispersed into nothingness through the infinite divisibility
of space and time, while the law of the sufficient reason
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