Grotius, III. c. 4, §§ 6 and 7--Bynkershoek, _Quaestiones juris publici_, I. c. 3 _in fine_--Hall, §§ 167-175--Lawrence, §§ 151-159--Westlake, II. pp. 140-154--Phillimore, III. §§ 82-86--Twiss, II. §§ 152-162--Taylor, §§ 468 and 517--Walker, §§ 39-43--Wharton, III. §§ 352-353--Wheaton, §§ 324-341--Moore, VII. §§ 1185-1194--Geffcken in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 581-588--Ullmann, § 192--Nys, III. pp. 150-154--Pradier-Fodéré, VIII. Nos. 3166-3175--Bonfils, Nos. 1343-1349'1--Despagnet, Nos. 650-653 _quinto_--Calvo, IV. §§ 1932-1952--Fiore, III. Nos. 1432-1436, and Code, Nos. 1701-1709--Boeck, Nos. 156-190--Dupuis, Nos. 92-129, and _Guerre_, Nos. 59-73--Lémonon, pp. 426-467--Higgins, p. 593--Nippold, II. pp. 40-54--Scott, _Conferences_, pp. 541-555--Frankenbach, _Die Rechtsstellung von neutralen Staatsangehörigen in kriegführenden Staaten_ (1910)--Baty in _The Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation_, New Series, IX. Part I. (1908), pp. 157-166, and Westlake, _ibidem_, Part II. (1909), pp. 265-268--Oppenheim in _The Law Quarterly Review_, XXV. (1909), pp. 372-383. [Sidenote: On Enemy Character in general.] § 87. Since the belligerents, for the realisation of the purpose of war, are entitled to many kinds of measures against enemy persons and enemy property, the question must be settled as to what persons and what property are vested with enemy character. Now it is, generally speaking, correct to say that, whereas the subjects of the belligerents and the property of such subjects bear enemy character, the subjects of neutral States and the property of such subjects do not bear enemy character. This rule has, however, important exceptions. For under certain circumstances and conditions enemy persons and property of enemy subjects may not bear, and, on the other hand, subjects of neutral States and their property may bear, enemy character. And it is even possible that a subject of a belligerent may for some parts bear enemy character as between himself and his home State.