Vattel, III. § 63--Hall, §§ 124-126--Westlake, II. pp. 29-32--Lawrence, §§ 143-146--Manning, pp. 163-165--Phillimore, III. §§ 67-91--Twiss, II. §§ 41-61--Halleck, I. pp. 526-552, and II. pp. 124-140--Taylor, §§ 461-468--Walker, §§ 44-50--Wharton, III. §§ 336-337A--Wheaton, §§ 298-319--Moore, V. § 779, and VII. §§ 1135-1142--Heffter, §§ 121-123--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 347-363--Gareis, § 81--Liszt, § 39, V.--Ullmann, § 173--Bonfils, Nos. 1044-1065--Despagnet, Nos. 517-519--Pradier-Fodéré, VI. Nos. 2694-2720--Nys, III. pp. 134-150--Rivier, II. pp. 228-237--Calvo, IV. §§ 1911-1931--Fiore, III. Nos. 1290-1301, and Code, Nos. 1439-1445--Martens, II. § 109--Longuet, §§ 8-15--Mérignhac, pp. 72-84--Pillet, pp. 42-59--Bordwell, pp. 200-211--Spaight, pp. 25-33--Ariga, §§ 13-15--Takahashi, pp. 26-88--Lawrence, _War_, pp. 45-55--Sainte-Croix, _La Déclaration de guerre et ses effets immédiats_ (1892), pp. 166-207--Meyer, _De l'interdiction du commerce entre les belligérants_ (1902)--Jaconnet, _La guerre et les traités_ (1909)--Politis in _Annuaire_ XXIII. (1910), pp. 251-282, and XXIV. (1911), pp. 200-223. [Sidenote: General Effects of the Outbreak of War.] § 97. When war breaks out, even if it be limited to only two members of the Family of Nations, nevertheless the whole Family of Nations is thereby affected, since the rights and duties of neutrality devolve upon such States as are not parties to the war. And the subjects of neutral States may feel the consequences of the outbreak of war in many ways. War is not only a calamity to the commerce and industry of the whole world, but also involves the alteration of the legal position of neutral merchantmen on the Open Sea, and of the subjects of neutral States within the boundaries of the belligerents. For the belligerents have the right of visit, search, and eventually capture of neutral merchantmen on the Open Sea, and foreigners who remain within the boundaries of the belligerents, although subjects of neutral Powers, acquire in a degree and to a certain extent enemy character.[179] However, the outbreak of war tells chiefly and directly upon the relations between the belligerents and their subjects. Yet it would not be correct to maintain that all legal relations between the parties thereto and between their subjects disappear with the outbreak of war. War is not a condition of anarchy, indifferent or hostile to law, but a condition recognised and ruled by International Law, although it involves a rupture of peaceful relations between the belligerents. [Footnote 179: See above, § 88.] [Sidenote: Rupture of Diplomatic Intercourse and Consular Activity.]