broke out in 1899; Russia, although during the Russo-Japanese War she allowed Japanese subjects to remain in other parts of her territory, expelled them from her provinces in the Far East; and in May 1912, eight months after the outbreak of the Turko-Italian War, Turkey decreed the expulsion of all Italians, certain classes excepted. In case a belligerent allows the residence of enemy subjects on his territory, he can, of course, give the permission under certain conditions only, such as an oath to abstain from all hostile acts or a promise not to leave a certain region, and the like. And it must be especially observed that an enemy subject who is allowed to stay in the country after the outbreak of war must not, in case the forces of his home State militarily occupy the part of the country inhabited by him, join these forces or assist them in any way. If, nevertheless, he does so, he is liable to be punished for treason[193] by the local Sovereign after the withdrawal of the enemy forces. [Footnote 187: See a list of such treaties in Hall, § 126, p. 107, note 1.] [Footnote 188: With regard to the 10,000 Englishmen who were arrested in France by Napoleon at the outbreak of war with England in 1803 and kept as prisoners of war for many years, it must be borne in mind that Napoleon did not claim a right to make such civilians prisoners of war as were at the outbreak of war on French soil. He justified his act as one of reprisals, considering it a violation of the Law of Nations on the part of England to begin hostilities by capturing two French merchantmen in the Bay of Audierne without a formal declaration of war. See Alison, _History of Europe_, V. p. 277, and Bonfils, No. 1052.] [Footnote 189: See Twiss, II. § 50; Rivier, II. p. 320; Liszt, § 39, V.; Holland, _Letters upon War and Neutrality_ (1909), p. 39.] [Footnote 190: See _Land Warfare_, § 12.] [Footnote 191: See _Land Warfare_, § 13.] [Footnote 192: See above, vol. I. § 324.] [Footnote 193: See above, vol. I. § 317, p. 394, where the case of _De Jager_ v. _Attorney General_ is discussed.] [Sidenote: _Persona standi in judicio_ on Enemy Territory.]