It is obvious that, in case such vessels are not ignorant of the outbreak of war--having, for instance, received the news by wireless telegraphy--they may not any longer claim the privileges stipulated by article 3. And this article stipulates expressly that after having touched a port of their own or of a neutral country, such vessels are no longer privileged. (4) Enemy goods on board such enemy merchantmen as are in the harbour of a belligerent at the outbreak of war or at sea and are in ignorance of the outbreak of war are, according to article 4, privileged to the same extent as the vessels concerned. (5) Enemy merchantmen whose construction indicates that they are intended to be converted into cruisers may be seized and confiscated in the harbours of the belligerents, as well as at sea, although ignorant of the outbreak of war, for article 5 stipulates expressly that Convention VI. does not affect such vessels. CHAPTER III WARFARE ON LAND I ON LAND WARFARE IN GENERAL Vattel, III. §§ 136-138--Hall, §§ 184-185--Phillimore, III. § 94--Taylor, § 469--Wheaton, § 342--Bluntschli, §§ 534-535--Heffter, § 125--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 388-389--Gareis, § 84--Bonfils, Nos. 1066-1067--Pradier-Fodéré, VI. Nos. 2734-2741--Longuet, § 41--Mérignhac, p. 146--Pillet, pp. 85-89--_Kriegsbrauch_, p. 9--_Land Warfare_, § 39--Holland, _War_, Nos. 1-15. [Sidenote: Aims and Means of Land Warfare.] § 103. The purpose of war, namely, the overpowering of the enemy, is served in land warfare through two aims[230]--firstly, defeat of the enemy armed forces on land, and, secondly, occupation and administration of the enemy territory. The chief means by which belligerents try to realise those aims, and which are always conclusively decisive, are the different sorts of force applied against enemy persons. But besides such violence against enemy persons there are other means which are not at all unimportant, although they play a secondary part only. Such means are: appropriation, utilisation, and destruction of enemy property; siege; bombardment; assault; espionage; utilisation of treason; ruses. All these means of warfare on land must be discussed in this chapter, as must also occupation of enemy territory. [Footnote 230: Aims of land warfare must not be confounded with ends of war; see above, § 66.] [Sidenote: Lawful and Unlawful Practices of Land Warfare.]