Grotius, III. c. 5--Vattel, III. §§ 73, 160-164--Hall, §§ 139, 141-144--Lawrence, §§ 172-175--Maine, pp. 192-206--Manning, pp. 179-183--Twiss, II. §§ 62-71--Halleck, II. pp. 73-75--Moore, VII. §§ 1121, 1151, 1152, 1155--Taylor, §§ 529, 532, 537--Wharton, III. § 338--Wheaton, § 355--Bluntschli, §§ 652, 656-659--Heffter, §§ 130-136--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 488-500--G.F. Martens, II. §§ 279-280--Ullmann, § 183--Bonfils, Nos. 1194-1206--Despagnet, Nos. 597-604--Pradier-Fodéré, VII. Nos. 3032-3047--Rivier, II. pp. 318-329--Nys, III. pp. 296-308--Calvo, IV. §§ 2220-2229--Fiore, III. Nos. 1391, 1392, 1472, and Code, Nos. 1530-1531--Martens, II. § 120--Longuet, §§ 97-98--Mérignhac, pp. 263-268--Pillet, pp. 319-340--_Kriegsbrauch_, pp. 53-56--Zorn, pp. 270-283--Meurer, II. § 64--Spaight, pp. 188-196--Holland, _War_, Nos. 106-107--_Land Warfare_, §§ 407-415--Bentwich, _The Law of Private Property in War_ (1907)--See also the monographs of Rouard de Card, Bluntschli, Depambour, Wehberg, and Latifi, quoted above at the commencement of § 133. [Sidenote: Immoveable Private Property.] § 140. Immoveable private enemy property may under no circumstances or conditions be appropriated by an invading belligerent. Should he confiscate and sell private land or buildings, the buyer would acquire no right[275] whatever to the property. Article 46 of the Hague Regulations expressly enacts that "private property may not be confiscated." But confiscation differs from the temporary use of private land and buildings for all kinds of purposes demanded by the necessities of war. What has been said above in § 136 with regard to utilisation of public buildings finds equal application[276] to private buildings. If necessary they may be converted into hospitals, barracks, and stables without indemnification of the proprietors, and they may also be converted into fortifications. A humane belligerent will not drive the wretched inhabitants into the street if he can help it. But under the pressure of necessity he may be obliged to do this, and he is certainly not prohibited from doing it. [Footnote 275: See below, § 283.] [Footnote 276: The Hague Regulations do not mention this; they simply enact in article 46 that private property must be "respected," and may not be confiscated.] [Sidenote: Private War Material and Means of Transport.]