[Footnote 285: The case of enemy merchantmen seized in a belligerent's territorial waters is, of course, an exception.] VII REQUISITIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS Vattel, III. § 165--Hall, § 140-140*--Lawrence, § 180--Westlake, II. pp. 96-102--Maine, p. 200--Twiss, II. § 64--Halleck, II. pp. 68-69--Taylor, §§ 538-539--Moore, VII. § 1146--Bluntschli, §§ 653-655--Heffter, § 131--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 500-510--Ullmann, § 183--Bonfils, Nos. 1207-1226--Despagnet, Nos. 587-590--Pradier-Fodéré, VII. Nos. 3048-3064--Rivier, II. pp. 323-327--Nys, III. pp. 368-432--Calvo, IV. §§ 2231-2284--Fiore, III. Nos. 1394, 1473-1476--Martens, II. § 120--Longuet, §§ 110-114--Mérignhac, pp. 272-298--Pillet, pp. 215-235--Zorn, pp. 283-315--_Kriegsbrauch_, pp. 61-63--Holland, _War_, Nos. 111-112--Bordwell, pp. 314-324--Meurer, II. §§ 56-60--Spaight, pp. 381-408--Ariga, §§ 116-122--_Land Warfare_, §§ 416-425--Thomas, _Des réquisitions militaires_ (1884)--Keller, _Requisition und Kontribution_ (1898)--Pont, _Les réquisitions militaires du temps de guerre_ (1905)--Albrecht, _Requisitionen von neutralem Privateigentum, etc._ (1912), pp. 1-24:--Risley in the _Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation_, new series, vol. II. (1900), pp. 214-223. [Sidenote: War must support War.] § 146. Requisitions and contributions in war are the outcome of the eternal principle that war must support war.[286] This means that every belligerent may make his enemy pay as far as possible for the continuation of the war. But this principle, though it is as old as war and will only die with war itself, has not the same effect in modern times on the actions of belligerents as it formerly had. For thousands of years belligerents used to appropriate all private and public enemy property they could obtain, and, when modern International Law grew up, this practice found legal sanction. But after the end of the seventeenth century this practice grew milder under the influence of the experience that the provisioning of armies in enemy territory became more or less impossible when the inhabitants were treated according to the old principle. Although belligerents retained in strict law the right to appropriate all private besides all public property, it became usual to abstain from enforcing such right, and in lieu thereof to impose contributions of cash and requisitions in kind upon the inhabitants of the invaded country.[287] And when this usage developed, no belligerent ever thought of paying in cash for requisitions, or giving a receipt for them. But in the nineteenth century another practice became usual. Commanders then often gave a receipt for contributions and requisitions, in order to avoid abuse and to prevent further demands for fresh contributions and requisitions by succeeding commanders without knowledge of the former impositions. And there are instances of cases during the nineteenth century on record in which belligerents actually