§ 203. Since and so far as enemy individuals on board an attacked or seized enemy vessel who do not belong to the naval forces do not take part in the fighting, they may not directly be attacked and killed or wounded, although they are exposed to all injury indirectly resulting from an attack on or by their vessel. If they are mere private individuals, they may as an exception only and under the same circumstances as private individuals on occupied territory be made prisoners of war.[411] But they are nevertheless, for the time they are on board the captured vessel, under the discipline of the captor. All restrictive measures against them which are necessary are therefore lawful, as are also punishments, in case they do not comply with lawful orders of the commanding officer. If they are enemy officials in important positions,[412] they may be made prisoners of war. [Footnote 411: See U.S. Naval War Code, article 11, and above, § 116.] [Footnote 412: See above, § 117.] V TREATMENT OF WOUNDED AND SHIPWRECKED Perels, § 37--Pillet, pp. 188-191--Westlake, II. pp. 275-280--Moore, VII. § 1178--Bernsten, § 12--Bonfils, Nos. 1280-1280'9--Pradier-Fodéré, VIII. No. 3209--U.S. Naval War Code, articles 21-29--Ferguson, _The Red Cross Alliance at Sea_ (1871)--Houette, _De l'extension des principes de la Convention de Genève aux victimes des guerres maritimes_ (1892)--Cauwès, _L'extension des principes de la Convention de Genève aux guerres maritimes_ (1899)--Holls, _The Peace Conference at the Hague_ (1900), pp. 120-132--Boidin, pp. 248-262--Dupuis, _Guerre_, Nos. 82-105--Meurer, II. §§ 74-87--Higgins, pp. 382-394--Lémonon, pp. 526-554--Nippold, II. § 33--Scott, _Conferences_, pp. 599-614--Takahashi, pp. 375-385--Fauchille in _R.G._ VI. (1899), pp. 291-302--Bayer, in _R.G._ VIII. (1901), pp. 225-230--Renault in _A.J._ II. pp. 295-306--Higgins, _War and the Private Citizen_ (1912), pp. 73-90, and in _The Law Quarterly Review_, XXVI (1910), pp. 408-414. See also the literature quoted above at the commencement of § 118. [Sidenote: Adaptation of Geneva Convention to Sea Warfare.]