Vattel, III. §§ 199-203--Hall, §§ 204-205--Lawrence, § 77--Phillimore, III. § 512--Halleck, I. pp. 467-498--Taylor, §§ 220, 585-588--Moore, I. § 87--Walker, § 11--Wheaton, § 165--Bluntschli, §§ 287-289, 701-702--Heffter, § 178--Kirchenheim in Holtzendorff, IV. p. 792--Liszt, § 10--Ullmann, §§ 92, 97, and 197--Bonfils, Nos. 535 and 1694--Despagnet, Nos. 387-390, 605--Rivier, II. pp. 436-441--Calvo, V. §§ 3117-3118--Fiore, II. Nos. 863, III. No. 1693, and Code, Nos. 1078-1089--Martens. I. § 91, II. § 128--Longuet, § 155--Mérignhac, p. 324--Pillet, p. 371--Holtzendorff, _Eroberung und Eroberungsrecht_ (1871)--Heimburger, _Der Erwerb der Gebietshoheit_ (1888), pp. 121-132--Westlake, in _The Law Quarterly Review_, XVII. (1901), p. 392. [Sidenote: Subjugation in contradistinction to Conquest.] § 264. Subjugation must not be confounded with conquest, although there can be no subjugation without conquest. Conquest is taking possession of enemy territory by military force. Conquest is completed as soon as the territory concerned is effectively[496] occupied. Now it is obvious that conquest of a part of enemy territory has nothing to do with subjugation, because the enemy may well reconquer it. But even the conquest of the whole of the enemy territory need not necessarily include subjugation. For, first, in a war between more than two belligerents the troops of one of them may evacuate their country and join the army of allies, so that the armed contention is continued, although the territory of one of the allies is completely conquered. Again, a belligerent, although he has annihilated the forces, conquered the whole of the territory of his adversary, and thereby actually brought the armed contention to an end,[497] may nevertheless not choose to exterminate the enemy State by annexing the conquered territory, but may conclude a treaty of peace with the expelled or imprisoned head of the defeated State, re-establish the latter's Government, and hand the whole or a part of the conquered territory over to it. Subjugation takes place only when a belligerent, after having annihilated the forces and conquered the territory of his adversary, destroys his existence by annexing the conquered territory. Subjugation may, therefore, correctly be defined as _extermination in war of one belligerent by another through annexation_[498] _of the former's territory after conquest, the enemy forces having been annihilated_.[499] [Footnote 496: The conditions of effective occupation have been discussed above in § 167. Regarding subjugation as a mode of acquisition of territory, see above, vol. I. §§ 236-241.] [Footnote 497: The continuation of guerilla war after the termination of a real war is discussed above in § 60.] [Footnote 498: That conquest alone is sufficient for the termination of civil wars has been pointed out above, § 261, p. 323, note 1.]