Grotius, III. c. 9--Bynkershoek, _Quaest. jur. publ._ I. c. 15 and 16--Vattel, III. §§ 204-222--Hall, §§ 162-166--Manning, pp. 190-195--Phillimore, III. §§ 568-590--Halleck, II. pp. 500-526--Taylor, § 595--Wheaton, § 398--Bluntschli, §§ 727-741--Heffter, §§ 188-192--Kirchenheim in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 822-836--Bonfils, No. 1710--Despagnet, No. 611--Nys, III. pp. 738-739--Rivier, II. pp. 314-316--Calvo, V. §§ 3169-3226--Fiore, III. Nos. 1706-1712--Martens, II. § 128--Pillet, p. 377. [Sidenote: Conception of Postliminium.] § 279. The term "postliminium" is originally one of Roman Law derived from _post_ and _limen_ (_i.e._ boundary). According to Roman Law the relations of Rome with a foreign State depended upon the fact whether or not a treaty of friendship[522] existed. If such a treaty was not in existence, Romans entering the foreign State concerned could be enslaved, and Roman goods taken there could be appropriated. Now, _jus postliminii_ denoted the rule, firstly, that such an enslaved Roman, should he ever return into the territory of the Roman Empire, became _ipso facto_ a Roman citizen again with all the rights he possessed previous to his capture, and, secondly, that Roman property, appropriated after entry into the territory of a foreign State, should at once upon being taken back into the territory of the Roman Empire _ipso facto_ revert to its former Roman owner. Modern International and Municipal Law have adopted the term for the purpose of indicating the fact that territory, individuals, and property, after having come in time of war under the sway of the enemy, return either during the war or with the end of the war under the sway of their original Sovereign. This can occur in different ways. An occupied territory can voluntarily be evacuated by the enemy and then at once be reoccupied by the owner. Or it can be reconquered by the legitimate Sovereign. Or it can be reconquered by a third party and restored to its legitimate owner. Conquered territory can also be freed through a successful levy _en masse_. Property seized by the enemy can be retaken, but it can also be abandoned by the enemy and subsequently revert to the belligerent from whom it was taken. And, further, conquered territory can in consequence of a treaty of peace be restored to its legitimate Sovereign. In all cases concerned, the question has to be answered what legal effects the postliminium has in regard to the territory, the individuals thereon, or the property concerned. [Footnote 522: See above, vol. I. § 40.] [Sidenote: Postliminium according to International Law, in contradistinction to Postliminium according to Municipal Law.]