Principal belligerent parties are those parties to a war who wage it on the basis of a treaty of alliance, whether such treaty was concluded before or during the war. On the other hand, accessory belligerent parties are such States as provide help and succour only in a limited way to a principal belligerent party at war with another State; for instance, by paying subsidies, sending a certain number of troops or men-of-war to take part in the contention, granting a coaling station to the men-of-war of the principal party, allowing the latter's troops a passage through their territory, and the like. Such accessory party becomes a belligerent through rendering help. The matter need hardly be mentioned at all were it not for the fact that the question was formerly discussed by publicists whether or not it involved a violation of neutrality on the part of a neutral State in case it fulfilled in time of war a treaty concluded in time of peace, by the terms of which it had to grant a coaling station, the passage of troops through its territory, and the like, to one of the belligerents. This question is identical with the question, to be treated below in § 305, whether a qualified neutrality, in contradistinction to a perfect neutrality, is admissible. Since the answer to this question is in the negative, such State as fulfils a treaty obligation of this kind in time of war may be considered by the other side an accessory belligerent party to the war, and all doubt in the matter ought now to be removed since article 2 of Convention V. of the Second Peace Conference[114] categorically enacts that "belligerents are forbidden to move across the territory of a neutral Power troops or convoys either of munitions of war or of supplies." [Footnote 114: See also article 3 of Convention V.] VI THE ARMED FORCES OF THE BELLIGERENTS Vattel, III. §§ 223-231--Hall, §§ 177-179, 181--Lawrence, §§ 148-150--Westlake, II. pp. 60-63--Manning, pp. 206-210--Phillimore, III. § 94--Twiss, II. § 45--Halleck, I. pp. 555-562--Taylor, §§ 471-476--Moore, VII. § 1109--Wheaton, §§ 356-358--Bluntschli, §§ 569-572--Heffter, §§ 124-124A--Lueder in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 371-385--Klüber, 267--G. F. Martens, II. § 271--Gareis, § 83--Ullmann, § 175--Liszt, § 40, II.--Bonfils, Nos. 1088-1098--Despagnet, Nos. 520-523--Pradier-Fodéré, VI. Nos. 2721-2732, and VIII. Nos. 3091-3102--Nys, III. pp. 155-202--Rivier, II. pp. 242-259--Calvo, IV. §§ 2044-2065--Fiore, III. Nos. 1303-1316, and Code, Nos. 1455-1475--Martens, II. § 112--Longuet, §§ 26-36--Pillet, pp. 35-59--_Kriegsbrauch_, pp. 4-8--Perels, § 34--Boeck, Nos. 209-213--Dupuis, Nos. 74-91--Lawrence, _War_, pp. 195-218--Zorn, pp. 36-73--Bordwell, pp. 228-236--_Land Warfare_, § 17-38--Meurer, II. §§ 11-20--Spaight, pp. 34-72--Ariga, pp. 74-91--Takahashi, pp. 89-93. [Sidenote: Regular Armies and Navies.]