Pliny recorded the fact that "the use of clysters or enemata was first taught by the stork, which may be observed to inject water into its bowels by means of its long beak." The _British Medical Journal_, reviewing the newly published _Storia della Farmacia_, says that Frederigo Kernot describes in it the invention of the enema apparatus, which he looks upon as an epoch in pharmacy as important as the discovery of America in the history of human civilization. The glory of the invention of this instrument, so beneficial to suffering mankind, belongs to an Italian, Gatenaria, whose name ought to find a modest place together with Columbus, Galileo, Gioja and other eminent and illustrious Italians. He was a compatriot of Columbus and professor at Pavia, where he died in 1496, after having spent several years in perfecting his instrument. The enema apparatus may be justly named the queen of the world, as it has reigned without a rival for three hundred years over the whole continent, besides Brazil and America. The enema came into use soon after the invention of the apparatus itself. Bouvard, physician to Louis XIII, applied two hundred and twenty enemata to this monarch in the course of six months. In the first years of Louis XIV it became the fashion of the day. Ladies took three or four a day to keep a fresh complexion, and the dandies used as many for a white skin. Enemata were perfumed with orange, angelica, bergamot and roses, and Mr. Kernot exclaims enthusiastically, "_O se tornasse questa moda!_" (Oh, that this fashion would return!). The medical profession at first hailed the invention with delight, but soon found the application _infra dig._, and handed it over to the pharmacist; but shameful invectives, sarcasms and epigrams, hurled at those who exercised the humble duty of applying the apparatus, made them at last resign it to barbers and hospital attendants. (_Year Book of Therapeutics_, Wood, 1872.) "The history of the warm bath," says Dr. Paris, "presents another curious instance of the vicissitudes to which the reputation of our valuable resources is so universally exposed. That which for so many ages was esteemed the greatest luxury in health, and the most efficacious remedy in disease, fell into total disrepute in the reign of Augustus, for no other reason than because Antonius Musa had cured the Emperor of a dangerous malady by the use of the cold bath. The most frigid water that could be procured was in consequence recommended on every occasion.... This practice, however, was doomed but to an ephemeral popularity, for, although it restored the Emperor to health, it shortly afterward killed his nephew and son-in-law Marcellus, an event which at once deprived the remedy of its credit and the physician of his popularity.