[27] Hobbes's statement is as follows: "For by art is created that great _Leviathan_ called a _Commonwealth_, or _State_, in Latin _Civitas_, which is but an artificial man; though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which the _sovereignty_ is an artificial _soul_, as giving life and motion to the whole body; the _magistrates_, and other _officers_ of judicature, artificial _joints_; _reward_ and _punishment_, by which fastened to the seat of the sovereignty every joint and member is moved to perform his duty, are the _nerves_, that do the same in the body natural." Spencer criticizes this conception of Hobbes as representing society as a "factitious" and artificial rather than a "natural" product. Herbert Spencer, _The Principles of Sociology_ (London, 1893), I, 437, 579-80. See also chap. iii, "Social Growth," pp. 453-58. [28] Herbert Spencer, _op. cit._, I, 437. [29] _Ibid._, p. 440. [30] _Ibid._, p. 450. [31] _Ibid._, pp. 449-50. [32] _Westminster Review_, January, 1860. [33] René Worms, _Organisme et Société_, "Bibliothèque Sociologique Internationale" (Paris, 1896), pp. 210-13. [34] W. Trotter, _Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War_ (New York, 1916), pp. 29-30. [35] _Ibid._, pp. 40-41. [36] Franklin Henry Giddings, _The Concepts and Methods of Sociology_, Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition (St. Louis, 1904), pp. 789-90. [37] G. Tarde, _op. cit._, pp. 38-39. [38] Émile Durkheim, _Elementary Forms of Religious Life_ (New York, 1915), pp. 206-8. [39] John Dewey, _Democracy and Education_ (New York, 1916), p. 5. [40] _Ibid._, pp. 6-7. [41] Émile Durkheim, "Représentations individuelles et représentations collectives," _Revue métaphysique_, VI (1898), 295. Quoted and translated by Charles Elmer Gehlke, "Émile Durkheim's Contributions to Sociological Theory," _Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law_, LXIII, 29-30. [42] Bliss Perry, _The American Mind_ (Boston, 1912), p. 47. [43] James Mark Baldwin, _Mental Development in the Child and the Race_ (New York and London, 1895); Charles A. Ellwood, _Sociology in Its Psychological Aspects_ (New York and London, 1912). [44] _Labour and Life of the People_ (London, 1889), I, pp. 6-7. [45] Thomas and Znaniecki, _The Polish Peasant in Europe and America_ (Boston, 1918), I, 3. [46] Walter B. Bodenhafer, "The Comparative Rôle of the Group Concept in Ward's Dynamic Sociology and Contemporary American Sociology," _American Journal of Sociology_, XXVI (1920-21), 273-314; 425-74; 588-600; 716-43. [47] _Stillwater, the Queen of the St. Croix_, a report of a social survey, published by The Community Service of Stillwater, Minnesota, 1920, p. 71. [48] Frank Tannenbaum, "Prison Democracy," _Atlantic Monthly_, October, 1920, pp. 438-39. (Psychology of the criminal group.) [49] _Ibid._, pp. 443-46. [50] Franz Oppenheimer, _The State_ (Indianapolis, 1914), p. 5.