If the salvor could always be assured of clear weather, his troubles would be reduced a hundredfold, but at best it takes a long time to perform any work dependent upon divers, and the chances are very good when they are operating in an unsheltered spot, that a storm may come up at any time and undo the result of weeks and months of labor. This is what happened when the submarine _F-4_ was salved. After a month of trying effort the submarine was caught in slings hung from barges, lifted two hundred and twenty-five feet, and dragged within a short distance of the channel entrance of the harbor, where the water was but fifty feet deep. But just then a violent storm arose, which made the barges surge back and forth and plunge so violently that the forward sling cut into the plating of the submarine and crushed it. The wreck had to be lowered to the bottom and the barges cut free to save them from being smashed. At the next attempt to raise the _F-4_ pontoons were again used, but instead of being arranged to float on the surface, they were hauled down to the wreck and made fast directly to the hull of the submarine. Then when the water was forced out of the pontoons with compressed air, they came up to the surface, bringing the submarine with them. In this way all danger of damage due to sudden storms was avoided because water under the surface is not disturbed by storms overhead; and when the wreck was floated, the pontoons and submarine formed a compact unit. While this method of salvage seems like a very logical one for work in the open sea, one is apt to forget how large the pontoons must be to lift a vessel of any appreciable size. Not only must they support their own dead weight, together with that of the sunken vessel, but some allowance must usually be made for dragging the wreck out of the clutches of a sandy or muddy bottom. Imagine the work of building pontoons large enough to raise the _Lusitania_. They would have to have a combined displacement greater than that of the vessel itself, and they would have to be so large that they would be very unwieldy things to handle in a seaway. It is for this reason that submarine pontoons are not often used to take the entire weight of the vessel. So far they have been employed mainly to salve small ships and then only to take a portion of the weight, the principal work being done by large wrecking-cranes. Instead of horizontal pontoons it has been suggested that vertical pontoons be employed, so as to provide a greater lifting-power without involving the use of enormous unwieldy units.