Telegraph signals are sent by the breaking up of the oscillations at the transmitting-station into long and short trains of oscillations corresponding to the dots and dashes of ordinary wire telegraphy. In other words, while the sending-key is held down for a dash, there will be a long series of oscillations in the antenna, and for the dot a short series, and these short and long trains of waves will spread out to the receiving-aërial where they will reproduce the same series of oscillations. But only a small part of the energy will act on the receiving-aërial because the waves like those on the pond spread in all directions and grow rapidly weaker. Hence the advantage of an extremely delicate instrument like the audion to amplify the signals received. The oscillations used in wireless telegraphy these days are very rapid, usually entirely too rapid, to affect an ordinary telephone receiver, and if they did they would produce a note of such high pitch that it could not be heard. So it is customary to interrupt the oscillations, breaking them up into short trains of waves, and these successive trains produce a note of low enough pitch to be heard in the telephone receiver. Of course the interruptions are of such high frequency that in the sending of a dot-and-dash message each dot is made up of a great many of the short trains of waves. Now in radiotelephony it is not necessary to break up the oscillations, but they are allowed to run continuously at very high speed and act as carriers for other waves produced by speaking into the transmitter; that is, a single speech-wave would be made up of a large number of smaller waves. To make wireless telephony a success it was necessary to find some way of making perfectly uniform carrier-waves, and then of loading on them waves of speech. Of course, the latter are not sound-waves, because they are not waves of air, but they are electro-magnetic waves corresponding exactly to the sound-waves of air and at the receiving-end they affect the telephone receiver in the same way that it is affected by the electric waves which are sent over telephone wires. The telephone engineers found that the audion could be used to regulate the carrier-waves and also to superpose the speech-waves upon them, and at the receiving-station the audion was used to pick up these waves, no matter how feeble they might be, and amplify them so that they could be heard in a telephone receiver. TALKING WITHOUT WIRES