A remarkable improvement in blast-furnace practice, cheapening cast or pig-iron, and therefore lowering the cost of derived steels, is the dry-blast process due to Mr. James Gayley, of Pittsburg. It has long been known that blast-furnaces ask more fuel in warm and damp weather than in cold and dry weather; beginning with this familiar fact Mr. Gayley proceeded to dry the air blown into his furnaces, by passing it around large coils of iron pipes through which a freezing mixture circulated, melting the snow as formed by passing hot brine through the pipes, a few of them at a time. The air thus dried was then heated by being sent through hot blast stoves in the usual mode. This simple drying of the blast saves about 19 per cent. of the fuel, and makes the action of the furnace much more regular than when ordinary air is used. It lowers the temperature of the gases which escape from the top of the furnace, and raises their percentage of carbon dioxide, symptoms of the great increase in fuel efficiency. Atmospheric moisture has a cooling effect on the lower part of a furnace, just where the highest temperature is needed to melt the iron and slag, remove the sulphur and deoxidize the silica. A comparatively small increase of temperature by broadening the margin of effective heat, which margin at best is narrow, has the astonishing effect of economizing fuel to the extent stated, 19 per cent.[15] [15] Henry Marion Howe, “Iron, Steel and Other Alloys.” Second edition. Cambridge, Mass., Albert Sauveur, 1906. Steels to Order.